5th millennium BC

The Neolithic ;
	↑ Mesolithic
	Fertile Crescent Heavy Neolithic Shepherd Neolithic Trihedral Neolithic Pre-Pottery (A, B) Qaraoun culture Tahunian culture Yarmukian culture Halaf culture Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period Ubaid culture Nile valley Faiyum A culture Tasian culture Merimde culture El Omari culture Maadi culture Badarian culture Amratian culture Europe Arzachena culture Boian culture Butmir culture Cardium pottery culture Cernavodă culture Coțofeni culture Cucuteni–Trypillia culture Dudești culture Gorneşti culture Gumelnița–Karanovo culture Hamangia culture Khirokitia Linear Pottery culture Malta Temples Ozieri culture Petreşti culture San Ciriaco culture Shulaveri-Shomu culture Sesklo culture Tisza culture Tiszapolgár culture Usatovo culture Varna culture Vinča culture Vučedol culture Neolithic Transylvania Neolithic Southeastern Europe China Peiligang culture Pengtoushan culture Beixin culture Cishan culture Dadiwan culture Houli culture Xinglongwa culture Xinle culture Zhaobaogou culture Hemudu culture Daxi culture Majiabang culture Yangshao culture Hongshan culture Dawenkou culture Songze culture Liangzhu culture Majiayao culture Qujialing culture Longshan culture Baodun culture Shijiahe culture Yueshi culture Neolithic Tibet South Asia Lahuradewa Mehrgarh Rakhigarhi Kalibangan Chopani Mando Jhukar Daimabad Chirand Koldihwa Burzahom Mundigak Brahmagiri Other locations Jeulmun pottery period Jōmon period Philippine jade culture Capsian culture Savanna Pastoral Neolithic
	farming, animal husbandry; pottery, metallurgy, wheel; circular ditches, henges, megaliths; Neolithic religion; Neolithic decline
	↓ Chalcolithic

Millennia:	6th millennium BC; 5th millennium BC; 4th millennium BC;
Centuries:	50th century BC; 49th century BC; 48th century BC; 47th century BC; 46th century BC; 45th century BC; 44th century BC; 43rd century BC; 42nd century BC; 41st century BC;

The 5th millennium BC spanned the years 5000 BC to 4001 BC (c. 7 ka to c. 6 ka). It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis.

Communities

The rapid world population growth of the previous millennium, caused by the Neolithic Revolution, is believed to have slowed and become fairly stable. It has been estimated that there were around forty million people worldwide by 5000 BC, growing to 100 million by the Middle Bronze Age c. 1600 BC.[1]

Europe

The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (aka Tripolye culture) began around 4800 BC. It was centred on modern Moldova and lasted in three defined phases until c. 3000 BC.[2][3][4]

From about 4500 BC until c. 2500 BC, a single tongue called Proto-Indo-European (PIE) existed as the forerunner of all modern Indo-European languages, but it left no written texts and its structure is unknown.[5]

China

Chinese civilisation advanced in this millennium with the beginnings of three noted cultures from around 5000 BC. The Yangshao culture was based in the Huang He (Yellow River) basin and endured for some 2,000 years. It is believed that pigs were first domesticated there. Pottery was fired in kilns dug into the ground and then painted. Millet was cultivated.[6] A type-site settlement for the Yangshao was established c. 4700 BC at Banpo near modern Xi'an, Shaanxi.[7]

Also about 5000 BC, the Hemudu culture began in eastern China with cultivation of rice,[8] and the Majiabang culture was established on the Yangtze estuary near modern Shanghai, lasting until c. 3300 BC.[9]

Australia

It is estimated that the distinctive Aboriginal rock carvings near Sydney were created sometime between 5000 BC and 3000 BC.[10]

Africa

It is estimated that the beginning of the Pastoral Neolithic was in the later phase of the Green Sahara, in the 6th or 5th millennium BC. It was prior to the end of the African humid period (c. 3900 BC) and the desiccation of the Green Sahara. During this time, sub-Saharan Africa remained in the Palaeolithic. As the grasslands of the Sahara began drying after c. 3900 BC, herders moved into the Nile Valley and by the middle of the 3rd millennium BC into eastern Africa.[11]

Calendars and chronology

The 5th millennium has become a startpoint for calendars and chronologies, though only one has any basis in reality. The year 4750 BC is the retrospective startpoint for the Assyrian calendar, marking the traditional date for the foundation of Assur, some 2,000 years before it actually happened.[12]

Another traditional date is 19 July 4241 BC, marking the supposed beginning of the Egyptian calendar, as calculated retrospectively by Eduard Meyer. The more likely startpoint is 19 July 2781 BCE, one Sothic cycle later. It has generally been believed that the calendar was based on a heliacal (dawn) rising of Sirius but that view is now being questioned.[13][14]

According to the Ussher chronology, the creation of Earth happened on 22/23 October 4004 BC. This chronology was the work of James Ussher, whose basis was the dates in the Old Testament of the Bible. He estimated that the universe was created by God at either 18:00 on the 22nd (Jewish calendar) or 09:00 on the 23rd (Ussher-Lightfoot-Chronology).[15]

The only exact date in the 5th millennium is Monday, 1 January 4713 BC, the beginning of the current Julian Period, first described by Joseph Justus Scaliger in the sixteenth century. This Julian Period lasts 7,980 years until the year 3268 CE in the next millennium. It is a useful device for date conversions between different calendars. The date of origin has the integer value of zero in the Julian Day Count: i.e., in the Julian Calendar; the equivalent date in the Gregorian Calendar is 24 November 4714 BC.[16]

References

Jean-Noël Biraben, "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes", Population 34-1 (1979), pp. 13–25.
Schmidt, Hubert (1932). Cucuteni in der oberen Moldau, Rumanien: die befestigte Siedlung mit bemalter Keramik von der Steinkupferzeit bis in die vollentwickelte Bronzezeit [Cucuteni in upper Moldova, Romania: the fortified settlement with painted pottery from the stone age to the copper age] (in German). Berlin: W. de Gruyter. OCLC 4942033.
Lazarovici, Cornelia-Magda (2010). "New data regarding the chronology of the Pre-Cucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodistea–Erbiceni cultures". PANTA RHEI: Studies on the Chronology and Cultural Development of South-Eastern and Central Europe in Earlier Prehistory Presented to Juraj Pavúk on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday: 71–94.
Passek, Tatiana Sergeyevna (1949). "Periodizatsiia tripol'skikh poselenii, iii–ii tysiacheletie do n. e." [Trypillia settlement periodization…]. Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (in Russian). 10. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR. OCLC 27000780. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Powell, Eric A. (2019). "Telling Tales in Proto-Indo-European". Archaeology. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). The Archaeology of China: From the Late Palaeolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64310-8.
Yang, Xiaoping (2010). "Climate Change and Desertification with Special Reference to the Cases in China". Changing Climates, Earth Systems and Society. pp. 177–187. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8716-4_8. ISBN 978-90-481-8715-7.
G. W. Crawford and C. Shen, "The Origins of rice agriculture: recent progress in East Asia", Antiquity 72(278):858–866 (December 1998), doi:10.1017/S0003598X00087494
Chang, Kwang-chih (1986). The Archaeology of Ancient China. pp. 206–209. ISBN 0-300-03784-8.
Delaney, Brigid (23 July 2015). "Hidden in plain sight: Indigenous Australian rock art on Sydney's doorstep". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane. (2017) "Pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa." In The Oxford Handbook of Zooarchaeology, pp. 396–413.
Wozniak, Marta (2012). "Far from Aram-Nahrin: The Suryoye Diaspora Experience". In Eamer, Allyson (ed.). Border Terrains: World Diasporas in the 21st Century. Inter-Disciplinary Press, Oxford. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-84888-117-4.
Grimal, Nicolas (1988). A History of Ancient Egypt. Librairie Arthéme Fayard. p. 52.
Kitchen, K. A. (October 1991). "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt". 23 (2). World Archaeology: 205. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Bressan, David (22 October 2013). "October 23, 4004 B.C.: Happy Birthday Earth!". History of Geology. Scientific American. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2013). Introduction to Positional Astronomy. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd edition). University Science Books. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-891389-85-6.

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[JNB-1] Jean-Noël Biraben, "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes", Population 34-1 (1979), pp. 13–25.

[2] Schmidt, Hubert (1932). Cucuteni in der oberen Moldau, Rumanien: die befestigte Siedlung mit bemalter Keramik von der Steinkupferzeit bis in die vollentwickelte Bronzezeit [Cucuteni in upper Moldova, Romania: the fortified settlement with painted pottery from the stone age to the copper age] (in German). Berlin: W. de Gruyter. OCLC 4942033.

[3] Lazarovici, Cornelia-Magda (2010). "New data regarding the chronology of the Pre-Cucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodistea–Erbiceni cultures". PANTA RHEI: Studies on the Chronology and Cultural Development of South-Eastern and Central Europe in Earlier Prehistory Presented to Juraj Pavúk on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday: 71–94.

[4] Passek, Tatiana Sergeyevna (1949). "Periodizatsiia tripol'skikh poselenii, iii–ii tysiacheletie do n. e." [Trypillia settlement periodization…]. Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (in Russian). 10. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR. OCLC 27000780. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[5] Powell, Eric A. (2019). "Telling Tales in Proto-Indo-European". Archaeology. Retrieved 3 November 2019.

[6] Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). The Archaeology of China: From the Late Palaeolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64310-8.

[7] Yang, Xiaoping (2010). "Climate Change and Desertification with Special Reference to the Cases in China". Changing Climates, Earth Systems and Society. pp. 177–187. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8716-4_8. ISBN 978-90-481-8715-7.

[8] G. W. Crawford and C. Shen, "The Origins of rice agriculture: recent progress in East Asia", Antiquity 72(278):858–866 (December 1998), doi:10.1017/S0003598X00087494

[9] Chang, Kwang-chih (1986). The Archaeology of Ancient China. pp. 206–209. ISBN 0-300-03784-8.

[10] Delaney, Brigid (23 July 2015). "Hidden in plain sight: Indigenous Australian rock art on Sydney's doorstep". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2019.

[11] Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane. (2017) "Pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa." In The Oxford Handbook of Zooarchaeology, pp. 396–413.

[12] Wozniak, Marta (2012). "Far from Aram-Nahrin: The Suryoye Diaspora Experience". In Eamer, Allyson (ed.). Border Terrains: World Diasporas in the 21st Century. Inter-Disciplinary Press, Oxford. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-84888-117-4.

[13] Grimal, Nicolas (1988). A History of Ancient Egypt. Librairie Arthéme Fayard. p. 52.

[14] Kitchen, K. A. (October 1991). "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt". 23 (2). World Archaeology: 205. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[15] Bressan, David (22 October 2013). "October 23, 4004 B.C.: Happy Birthday Earth!". History of Geology. Scientific American. Retrieved 2 November 2019.

[16] Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2013). Introduction to Positional Astronomy. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd edition). University Science Books. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-891389-85-6.

Millennia
CE / AD	1st 2nd 3rd far future
BCE / BC	1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th prehistory natural history

Holocene Epoch
Preceded by the Pleistocene
ICS stages/ages (official) Greenlandian (11.7–8.236 ka) Northgrippian (8.236–4.2† ka) Meghalayan (4.2 ka–present)
Blytt–Sernander stages/ages Preboreal (10.3†–9† ka) Boreal (9–7.5† ka) Atlantic (7.5–5† ka) Subboreal (5–2.5† ka) Subatlantic (2.5 ka–present) *Relative to year 2000 (b2k). †Relative to year 1950 (BP/Before "Present").