961 Gunnie

961 Gunnie (prov. designation: A921 TH or 1921 KM) is a very dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers (23 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 October 1921, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory.[1] The C/X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 21.4 hours. It was named after Gunnie Asplind, daughter of Swedish astronomer Bror Asplind (1890–1954).[2]

961 Gunnie
Modelled shape of Gunnie from its lightcurve
Discovery [1]
Discovered byK. Reinmuth
Discovery siteHeidelberg Obs.
Discovery date10 October 1921
Designations
(961) Gunnie
Named after
  • Gunnie Asplind
  • (daughter of Bror Asplind)[2]
A921 TH · 1930 XT
1968 HO · 1921 KM
main-belt [1][3] · (middle)
background [4][5]
Orbital characteristics [3]
Epoch 31 May 2020 (JD 2459000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc98.23 yr (35,880 d)
Aphelion2.9391 AU
Perihelion2.4485 AU
2.6938 AU
Eccentricity0.0911
4.42 yr (1,615 d)
181.91°
0° 13m 22.44s / day
Inclination10.991°
26.616°
285.28°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
  • 31.49±0.55 km[6]
  • 36.571±0.307 km[7]
  • 37.82±0.9 km[8]
21.361±0.002 h[9]
  • (37.0°, 24.0°) (λ1/β1)[9]
  • (220.0°, 7.0°) (λ2/β2)[9]
  • 0.036±0.004[7]
  • 0.0373±0.002[8]
  • 0.055±0.002[6]
11.5[1][3]

    Orbit and classification

    Gunnie is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.[4][5] It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,615 days; semi-major axis of 2.69 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.[3] The body's observation arc begins at the South African Johannesburg Observatory in June 1951, or 30 years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg Observatory.[1]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named after Gunnie Asplind, daughter of Swedish astronomer Bror Ansgar Asplind (1890–1954). Asteroids 958 Asplinda, 959 Arne and 960 Birgit are named after him and his other two children, respectively. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 92).[2]

    Physical characteristics

    In the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, Gunnie is an X-type asteroid, while in the SDSS-based taxonomy, it is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.[3][5][10]

    Rotation period

    In 2018, Czech astronomers Josef Ďurech and Josef Hanuš published a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from the Gaia probe's second data release. It showed a sidereal period of 21.361±0.002 hours (Q=2), and gave two spin axes at (37.0°, 24.0°) and (220.0°, 7.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).[5][11]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Gunnie measures 31.49±0.55, 36.571±0.307 and 37.82±0.9 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.055±0.002, 0.036±0.004 and 0.0373±0.002, respectively.[6][7][8] Other published measurements by the WISE team give a mean-diameter as small as 31.77±7.41 km and as large as 40.640±10.162 km.[9] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0311 and a diameter of 37.78 km based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.[9]

    References
    1. "961 Gunnie (A921 TH)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
    2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(961) Gunnie". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 84. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_962. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    3. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 961 Gunnie (A921 TH)" (2020-01-05 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
    4. "Asteroid 961 Gunnie – Proper Elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
    5. "Asteroid 961 Gunnie". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
    6. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. Retrieved 12 February 2020. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    7. Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; et al. (November 2012). "Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 759 (1): 5. arXiv:1209.5794. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L...8M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8.
    8. Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System. 12: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
    9. "LCDB Data for (961) Gunnie". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 13 February 2020.
    10. Carvano, J. M.; Hasselmann, P. H.; Lazzaro, D.; Mothé-Diniz, T. (February 2010). "SDSS-based taxonomic classification and orbital distribution of main belt asteroids". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 510: 12. Bibcode:2010A&A...510A..43C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913322. Retrieved 13 February 2020. (PDS data set)
    11. Durech, J.; Hanus, J. (November 2018). "Reconstruction of asteroid spin states from Gaia DR2 photometry". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 620: 4. arXiv:1810.04485. Bibcode:2018A&A...620A..91D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834007.
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