A Bridge Too Far (film)

A Bridge Too Far is a 1977 epic war film based on the 1974 book of the same name, directed by Richard Attenborough and with a screenplay by William Goldman.[5] Produced by Joseph E. Levine and Richard P. Levine, it was the second film based on a book by historian Cornelius Ryan to be adapted for the screen (after 1962's The Longest Day).[6] It was the second film based on the events of World War II's failed Operation Market Garden (after 1946's Theirs Is the Glory).[7]

A Bridge Too Far
Original film poster
Directed byRichard Attenborough
Produced byJoseph E. Levine
Richard P. Levine
Screenplay byWilliam Goldman
Based onA Bridge Too Far
by Cornelius Ryan
StarringDirk Bogarde
James Caan
Michael Caine
Sean Connery
Edward Fox
Elliott Gould
Anthony Hopkins
Gene Hackman
Hardy Krüger
Laurence Olivier
Ryan O'Neal
Robert Redford
Maximilian Schell
Liv Ullmann
Music byJohn Addison
CinematographyGeoffrey Unsworth
Edited byAntony Gibbs
Production
company
Joseph E. Levine Productions
Distributed byUnited Artists
Release date
June 15, 1977
Running time
176 minutes
CountryUnited States[1]
United Kingdom[2]
LanguageEnglish
German
Dutch
Budget$25 million[3]
Box office$50.7 million[4]

The ensemble cast includes Dirk Bogarde, James Caan, Michael Caine, Sean Connery, Edward Fox, Elliott Gould, Gene Hackman, Anthony Hopkins, Hardy Krüger, Laurence Olivier, Ryan O'Neal, Robert Redford, Maximilian Schell and Liv Ullmann. Though it received a tepid critical response, the film received several awards: at the 31st BAFTA Awards, it won four out of eight categories, including Fox for Best Supporting Actor and John Addison—who himself had served in the British XXX Corps during Market Garden—for Best Score.

Plot

Operation Market Garden envisions 35,000 men being flown 300 miles (480 km) from air bases in England and dropped behind enemy lines in the Netherlands. Two divisions of US paratroopers are responsible for securing the road and bridges as far as Nijmegen. A British division, under Major-General Roy Urquhart, is to land near Arnhem and hold both sides of the bridge there, backed by a brigade of Polish paratroopers under General Stanisław Sosabowski. XXX Armoured Corps are to push up the road over the bridges captured by the American paratroopers and reach Arnhem two days after the drop.

The British are to land using gliders near Arnhem. When General Urquhart briefs his officers, some of them are surprised they are going to attempt a landing so far from the bridge. The consensus among the British top brass is that resistance will consist entirely of "Hitler Youth or old men on bicycles". Although reconnaissance photos show German tanks at Arnhem, General Browning dismisses them and also ignores reports from the Dutch underground, not wanting to tell Field Marshal Montgomery since many previous airborne operations had been cancelled. Although British officers note that the portable radios are not likely to work for the long distance from the drop zone to the Arnhem Bridge, they choose not to convey their concerns up a chain of command intent on silencing all doubt.

Speed is the vital factor. Arnhem's is the crucial bridge, the last means of escape for the German forces in the Netherlands and an excellent route to Germany for Allied forces. The road to it, however, is only a single highway linking the various key bridges – trucks and tanks have to squeeze to the shoulder to pass. The road is also elevated, causing anything moving on the road to stand out.

The airborne drops catch the Germans by surprise and there is little resistance. Most of the men come down safely and assemble quickly, but the Son bridge is blown up by the Germans just before it can be secured. Then, soon after landing, troubles beset Urquhart's division. Many of the Jeeps either do not arrive by their gliders or are shot up in an ambush. Their radio sets are also useless.

XXX Corps' progress to relieve them is slowed by German resistance, the narrowness of the highway and the need to construct a Bailey bridge to replace the one destroyed at Son. They are then halted at Nijmegen. There, soldiers of the 82nd Airborne Division perform a dangerous daylight river crossing in flimsy canvas-and-wood assault boats and the Nijmegen bridge is captured, but XXX Corps has to wait several hours for infantry to secure the town.

The Germans close in on the isolated British paratroops occupying part of Arnhem at the bridge, although armored attacks are repelled. Urquhart had been separated from his men and the supply drop zones overrun by the Germans. Finally, Sosabowski's troops, held up by fog in England, enter the battle too late to reinforce the British. The Germans allow a brief ceasefire in order for the Allies to evacuate injured from Arnhem. After days of house-to-house fighting, pitted against crack SS infantry and panzers, the outgunned troops are captured or forced to withdraw to Oosterbeek. Urquhart receives orders to retreat, while the other Allied commanders blame the various difficulties encountered for their failure to provide the needed support. Arnhem itself is indiscriminately razed in the fighting.

Urquhart escapes the battle zone with fewer than a fifth of his original ten thousand troops; those who were too badly injured to flee stay behind and cover the withdrawal. On arriving at British headquarters, Urquhart confronts Browning about his personal sentiments regarding the operation: does he think it went as well as was being claimed by Montgomery? Browning's reply contradicts his earlier optimism: "Well, as you know, I've always thought that we tried to go a bridge too far."

In the film's final scene, Kate ter Horst, whose elegant home was used as an overflow hospital by the British, abandons its ruins. Passing through the front yard, now converted to a graveyard for fallen troops, she and her children trek along the high riverbank with an elderly doctor, pulling a few possessions in a cart, while wounded British troops sing Abide with Me as they await capture.

Cast and roles

Allies

Actor Role Notes
Dirk BogardeLieutenant-General Frederick "Boy" BrowningGOC I British Airborne Corps, and at HQ First Allied Airborne Army as its deputy commander, British Army at Nijmegen
James CaanStaff Sergeant Eddie Dohun
(based on Charles Dohun)
Runner for Captain LeGrand King "Legs" Johnson, CO, Company F, 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division U.S. Army (attacking Best)
Michael CaineLieutenant-Colonel J.O.E. VandeleurCO, 3rd Battalion (Infantry), the Irish Guards, the Guards Armoured Division, XXX Corps, British Army
Michael ByrneLieutenant-Colonel Giles VandeleurActing CO, 2nd Battalion (Armoured), the Irish Guards, the British Guards Armoured Division. Cousin to "Joe".
Sean ConneryMajor General Roy UrquhartGOC, 1st British Airborne Division, Arnhem
Edward FoxLt. Gen. Brian HorrocksGOC, XXX Corps,[8] British Second Army.[9]
Elliott GouldCol. Robert Stout
(based on Robert Sink)
CO, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division
Gene HackmanMaj. Gen. Stanisław SosabowskiBrigade Commander, Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, Polish Armed Forces
Anthony HopkinsLt. Col. John FrostCommanding Officer, 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, 1st Parachute Brigade, 1st British Airborne Division at Arnhem road bridge
Ryan O'NealBrig. Gen. James GavinDivision Commander, US 82nd Airborne Division, US Army at the bridge across the Maas river in Grave, later at the Maas-Waal canal and the bridge across the Waal river in Nijmegen
Robert RedfordMaj. Julian CookCommanding Officer, 3rd Battalion, 504th PIR, 82nd Airborne, US Army seizing key bridges over the Maas-Waal Canal and the river assault crossing of the Waal river.
Denholm ElliottRAF meteorology officer
Peter FaberCapt. Arie D. "Harry" BestebreurtjeLiaison officer with the 82nd Airborne Division, Office of Strategic Services,[10] Royal Dutch Army[11][12]
Christopher GoodMaj. Carlyle
(based on Maj. Allison Digby Tatham-Warter)
Officer Commanding, A Company, 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, 1st Parachute Brigade, Arnhem,[13] British Army
Frank GrimesMaj. Fuller
(based on Brian Urquhart)
G-2 (Intelligence Officer) for the 1st Airborne Corps,[14] British Army stationed at the HQ located in Moor Park Golf Club, Hertfordshire, England
Jeremy KempRAF briefing officerRAF, but the briefing probably took place at the 1st Airborne Corps HQ located in Moor Park Golf Club, Hertfordshire, England
Nicholas CampbellCapt. Glass
(based on Captain LeGrand King "Legs" Johnson)
CO, F Company, 2nd Battalion, 502PIR
Paul CopleyPte. WicksBatman to Lt. Col. Frost, CO, 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, British Army
Donald DouglasBrigadier Gerald LathburyBrigade Commander, 1st Parachute Brigade, British Army in Arnhem.
Keith DrinkelLieutenant Cornish
(based on Captain Eric Mackay, 9th Parachute Squadron Royal Engineers)
1st Airborne Division
Colin FarrellCorporal Hancock1st British Airborne Division, Urquhart's batman
Richard KaneCol. Weaver
(based on Graeme Warrack)
Senior Medical Officer, Headquarters RAMC, 1st British Airborne Division, at the Main Dressing Station in the Schoonoord Hotel of the Oosterbeek Perimeter
Paul MaxwellMaj. Gen. Maxwell TaylorCG, 101st Airborne Division, US Army at the Son bridge and later St-Oedenrode
Stephen MooreMaj. Robert Steele
(based on Major Anthony "Tony" John Deane–Drummond)
Donald PickeringLt. Col. C.B. MackenziePrincipal General Staff Officer (Chief of Staff), Headquarters, 1st Airborne Division, British Army, Divisional HQ at the Hartenstein Hotel
Gerald SimCol. Sims
(based on (acting Colonel) Lt. Col. Arthur Austin Eagger)[15]
Senior Medical Officer, 1st Airborne Corps, R.A.M.C., British Army
John StrideGrenadier Guards major (based on Captain Lord Carrington)British Grenadier Guards Commander who argues with Major Cook after 82nd capture Nijmegen Bridge
Alun ArmstrongCpl. Davies2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, 1st Parachute Brigade, 1st British Airborne Division
David Auker"Taffy" BraceMedic, 1st British Airborne Division
Michael BangerterBritish staff colonelBritish XXX Corps staff officer at General Browning's HQ
Philip RaymondGrenadier Guards Colonel (based on Lt. Colonel Edward H. Goulburn)C.O. 2nd Armoured Grenadier Guards Battalion
Michael Graham CoxCapt. Jimmy CleminsonT/Capt., [Sir] James Arnold Stacey "Jimmy" Cleminson Officer Commanding, 5 Platoon, B Company, 3rd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, British Army, Arnhem
Garrick HagonLieutenant RaffertyLieutenant, 101st Military Police Platoon, 101st Airborne Division, Division Field Hospital, US Army
John RatzenbergerUS Lieutenant (based on Lt James Megellas)Lieutenant, Company H, 504th PIR, 82nd Airborne Division, US Army, at Waal River crossing
Arthur HillUS Army surgeon (colonel)Chief Division Surgeon Lt Col. David Gold, 101st Airborne Division Clearing Station
Ben CrossTrooper Binns2nd Battalion, 1st Parachute Brigade, 1st British Airborne Division
Mark SheridanSergeant Tomblin2nd Battalion, 1st Parachute Brigade, 1st British Airborne Division
George InnesSergeant MacDonaldBritish 1st Airborne Division radio operator at the Hartenstein Hotel

Germans

Actor Role Notes
Hardy KrügerGeneralmajor der Waffen-SS Karl LudwigBased on Heinz Harmel, Division Commander of the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg, since he did not want his name to be mentioned in the film
Maximilian SchellGeneral der Waffen-SS Wilhelm BittrichCorps Commander of II SS Panzer Corps (The part of the movie where Bittrich sees the Paratroopers come down was actually witnessed by Luftwaffe General Kurt Student)
Wolfgang PreissGeneralfeldmarschall Gerd von RundstedtOB West (commander of the German forces on the Western Front)
Walter KohutGeneralfeldmarschall Walter ModelCommander of Army Group B
Hartmut BeckerGerman Army sentry
Hans von BorsodyGeneral der Infanterie Günther BlumentrittChief of Staff OB West
Lex van DeldenOberscharführer MatthiasBittrich's aide.
Fred WilliamsHauptsturmführer Viktor Eberhard GräbnerCommander of the reconnaissance battle group of 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen

Dutch civilians

Actor Role Notes
Laurence OlivierDr. Jan Spaander
Liv UllmannKate ter Horst
Siem VroomUnderground leader
Erik van 't WoutUnderground leader's son
Marlies van AlcmaerUnderground leader's wife
Mary SmithuysenOld Dutch lady
Hans CroisetOld Dutch lady's son
Josephine PeeperCafe waitress
Tom van BeekJan ter Horst
Erik ChittyOrganist
Richard AttenboroughLunatic wearing glasses(uncredited cameo)
Albert van der HarstMedic

Production

Air filming was done in the first weeks of September 1976, culminating in a series of air drops of a total of 1,000 men.[16] Supplies were dropped from a number of Dakota aircraft. The Dakotas were gathered by the film company Joseph E. Levine Presents Incorporated. All aircraft were required to be CAA (Civil Aviation Authority) or FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) registered and licensed to carry passengers. An original deal for the purchase of ten fell through when two airframes were rejected as passenger configured without the necessary jump doors. Eleven Dakotas were procured. Two ex-Portuguese Air Force, 6153 and 6171 (N9984Q and N9983Q), and two from Air Djibouti, operating from Djibouti in French Somaliland, F-OCKU and F-OCKX (N9985Q and N9986Q) were purchased by Joseph E. Levine. Three Danish Air Force K-685, K-687, and K-688, and four Finnish Air Force C-47s, DO-4, DO-7, DO-10 and DO-12, were loaned for the duration of the parachute filming.

Aircraft 6171 doubled as the camera ship on most formations, with a camouflaged Piper Aztec, G-AWDI. A camera was mounted in the astrodome, one on the port upper mainplane surface, with a third camera on the outside of the forward port cabin window and a fourth under the aircraft centre section. In addition, centre escape hatches were removed to make additional camera ports available, provided that no troops were aboard during filming. A second Aztec, G-ASND, was a backup camera ship on some shots, but it was not camouflaged. An Alouette, G-BDWN, was also employed. After a mishap with G-AWDI, two locally hired Cessna 172s, PH-GVP and PH-ADF, were also used. Ten Horsa glider replicas were built, but a windstorm damaged almost all of them. Seven or eight were hastily repaired for the shoot. The replica gliders were tail-heavy and required a support post under the rear fuselage, with camera angles carefully chosen to avoid revealing this. Dakota 6153 was fitted with tow gear and Horsa replicas were towed at high speed, though none went airborne. A two-seat Blaník sailplane, provided by a member of the London Gliding Club, Dunstable, was towed aloft for the interior takeoff shots.

Shooting of a scene in Deventer on May 18, 1976. German vehicles are crossing the bridge.

Four Harvards portrayed American and German fighters. Their original identities were PH-KLU, PH-BKT, B-64 and B-118, the former two aircraft loaned by the Royal Netherlands Air Force. These were flown by members of the Gilze Rijen Aero Club, which also provided an Auster III, PH-NGK, which depicted an Auster V, RT607, in wartime camouflage. Spitfire Mk. IX, MH434, depicting a photo reconnaissance variant, coded AC-S, was lent by the Hon. Patrick Lindsay, and was flown by aerobatic champion Neil Williams.[17]

Sufficient American tanks, jeeps, and trucks of World War II vintage were found because many of the vehicles were being discarded from European military (almost entirely reserve) units, especially from Greece and Turkey.

The scenes around the "Arnhem" bridge were shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was still available. Although a replica of the original road bridge in Arnhem existed, by the mid-1970s modern urban development surrounded it, making it impossible to use as a setting for a 1940s city. A few scenes were shot in Zutphen, where the old municipality house and the main church can be seen.

Finance

In order to keep costs down, all the star-name actors agreed to participate on a "favoured-nation" basis (i.e. they would all receive the same weekly fee), which in this case was $250,000 per week (the 2012 equivalent of $1,008,250 or £642,000).[18]

Shooting of the American-led assault on the Bridge at Nijmegen was dubbed the "Million-Dollar Hour". Because of heavy traffic, the crew had permission to film on the bridge only between eight and nine o'clock on October 3, 1976. Failure to complete the scene would have necessitated rescheduling at a cost—including Redford's overtime—of at least a million dollars. For this reason, Attenborough insisted that all actors playing corpses keep their eyes closed.[5]

After United Artists agreed to pay $6 million for US and Canada distribution rights,[19] the film was a box office disappointment in North America. But it performed well in Europe.[20]

Reception

Critics agreed that the film was impressively staged[21] and historically accurate, although many found it too long and too repetitive.[22] Vincent Canby of The New York Times said further, "The movie is massive, shapeless, often unexpectedly moving, confusing, sad, vivid and very, very long."[23]

James Caan and Anthony Hopkins were cited by many critics for the excellence of their performances in a film with hundreds of speaking roles and cameos by many of the period's top actors.[22]

Officers Urquhart and Horrocks acted as military advisers to the film, adding to its historical accuracy. However, some reviewers suggested that the film contains historical inaccuracies and needs to be viewed as a ‘Hollywood’ interpretation of events. Robin Neillands commented, "A countless number of veterans have urged me to ignore most of the story in the film A Bridge Too Far".[24]

Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars, describing it as

"such an exercise in wretched excess, such a mindless series of routine scenes, such a boringly violent indulgence in all the blood and guts and moans they could find, that by the end we're prepared to speculate that maybe Levine went two or even three bridges too far. The movie's big and expensive and filled with stars, but it's not an epic. It's the longest B-grade war movie ever made."[25]

Gene Siskel gave the film two-and-a-half out of four stars and wrote,

"More often than not, A Bridge Too Far isn't a story; it's a parade of famous faces. As for the battle footage, it is more often tedious than glamorous. The paratroop landing provides a spectacular five minutes. Other action footage is routine."[26]

John Pym of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that "by the end of this extravagant film, we have a fair idea of the who-did-what logistics of a costly military operation. The root problem with A Bridge Too Far, however, is that the top-heavy complement of stars never allows for any focus of attention."[27]

Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote,

"In strictly cinematic terms, the appeal of A Bridge Too Far is easy to state: it is spectacular in the size and range of its effects, earnestly well-acted by a starry and able cast, well-paced and swift despite its length, and marked by an evident attempt to give the balanced truth of a tragic episode from history."[28]

Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it "an unusually conscientious and impressive war epic" that justified its high budget

"in terms of careful period recreation, visual spectacle (the sequences depicting paratroop landings are particularly awesome), the mixture of exciting combat episodes with vivid human interest vignettes, an effort to establish a coherent, many-faceted view of a complicated and ill-fated military adventure, and a generally superior level of filmmaking intelligence and craftsmanship."[29]

The film has a 64% score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 25 reviews, with an average grade of 6.11 out of 10.[30]

A "making-of" documentary included in a special edition DVD of A Bridge Too Far says that, at the time of its release, "the film was shunned by American critics and completely ignored at Oscar time for daring to expose the fatal inadequacies of the Allied campaign."[31]

Accolades

Awards and nominations received by A Bridge Too Far
Award Category Nominee Result
Evening Standard British Film Awards Best Film A Bridge Too Far Won
31st British Academy Film Awards Best Film A Bridge Too Far Nominated
Best Direction Richard Attenborough Nominated
Best Editing Antony Gibbs Nominated
Best Production Design Terence Marsh Nominated
Best Sound Peter Horrocks, Gerry Humphreys, Simon Kaye, Robin O'Donoghue, and Les Wiggins Won
Best Actor in a Supporting Role Edward Fox Won
Best Film Music John Addison Won
Best Cinematography Geoffrey Unsworth Won
1977 National Society of Film Critics Awards Best Supporting Actor Edward Fox Won

Promotion

Story of A Bridge Too Far
AuthorWilliam Goldman
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Genrenon-fiction
Publication date
1977

To promote the film, scriptwriter William Goldman wrote a book titled Story of A Bridge Too Far as a favour to Joseph E. Levine.[32] It was published in December 1977 and divided into three sections:

  1. "Reflections on Filmmaking in General and A Bridge Too Far". This section features some essays later reprinted in Goldman's Adventures in the Screen Trade.[32]
  2. "A Bridge Too Far: The Story in Pictures" – 150 sequential photographs from the film with Goldman's captions.
  3. "Stars and Heroes" – some of the movie's actors and the men they play tell Goldman their thoughts on the film and the battle.

Notes

  1. "A Bridge Too Far (1977)". BFI. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  2. "A Bridge Too Far (1977)". LUMIERE. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  3. McKenna, A. T. (2011). "Joseph E. Levine and A Bridge Too Far (1977): A Producer's Labour of Love". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 31 (2): 211–227. doi:10.1080/01439685.2011.572606. S2CID 144254805.
  4. "A Bridge Too Far, Box Office Information". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
  5. Goldman 1977
  6. Ryan, Cornelius (1959). The Longest Day (1st ed.). New York City: Simon & Schuster. ASIN B002YJG2WU.
  7. "Theirs Is the Glory." Arnhem, Hurst and Conflict on Film, Co-authored by David Truesdale and Allan Esler Smith. Page x, Introduction. Published 2016 by Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1-911096-63-4
  8. Carried the primary responsibility for the 'Garden' ground offensive part of the operation
  9. Fox had known General Horrocks as a friend before working on the film and took care to portray him accurately. Later he would cite this as his favourite film role.A Bridge Too Far (1977) British Film Institute, archived from the original on March 12, 2008, retrieved October 19, 2009
  10. "Capt. Arie D. Bestebreurtje – World War II Special Operations Soldier". B26.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  11. escaping in 1941 to UK he studied at the Royal Military Academy, and later in Edinburgh he was trained as an OSS agent and assigned to operations behind in occupied Holland.
  12. Dutch Wikipedia article
  13. The major did not die of wounds at Brigade HQ, but was taken prisoner, moved to the St. Elizabeth Hospital, and later conducted an escape (Operation Pegasus) with the Dutch Resistance to bring out 138 escapees of the battle, and returning to his post with the remnants of his company Evasion Report: 21st September – 23rd October 1944 (www.pegasusarchive.org)
  14. p.132, Ambrose, Immerman
  15. O.B.E. (Military Division) of the Order "in recognition of gallant and, distinguished services in Sicily" Supplement to The London Gazette, March 23, 1944
  16. A member of the 1st Battalion The Parachute Regiment claims there were no more than 200 men involved. Parachute drops were conducted by the 1st Battalion The Parachute Regiment, only 100 jumpers plus support, 10 man sticks per Dakota.
  17. Hurst, Flt. Lt. K.J., DC-3 Project Officer for the film; AIR International, July 1977, Volume 13, Number 1, pp. 33-34, Talkback column
  18. Entirely Up To You, Darling; page 152-3; paperback; Arrow Books; published 2009. ISBN 978-0-099-50304-0
  19. A., C. (June 15, 1977). "The final decision will be mine". The Washington Post. ProQuest 146729580.
  20. Beck, Marilyn (Oct 20, 1977). "European filmgoers are holding up "Bridge"". Chicago Tribune. p. a8.
  21. Canby, Vincent (June 16, 1977). "Film: It's a Long War In 'Bridge Too Far'". New York Times.
  22. Morgan, Jason (Jan 9, 2006). "A Bridge Too Far". FilmCritic. Archived September 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  23. Canby, Vincent (June 16, 1977). "Film: It's a Long War In 'Bridge Too Far'". The New York Times. p. 74.
  24. Neillands, Robin (2005). The Battle for the Rhine 1944. London: Cassell. pp. 87 and 93. ISBN 978-1-40722-127-4.
  25. Ebert, Roger (June 17, 1977). "A Bridge Too Far". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  26. Siskel, Gene (June 16, 1977). "Big-budget 'Bridge' overspans itself". Chicago Tribuneat=Section 2, p. 6.
  27. Pym, John (July 1977). "A Bridge Too Far". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 44 (522): 142.
  28. Champlin, Charles (June 12, 1977). "World War II Writ Large in 'Bridge Too Far'". Los Angeles Times. Calendar, p. 1, 13.
  29. Arnold, Gary (June 16, 1977). "An Epic War Movie At the Head of Its Class". The Washington Post. p. C1.
  30. "A Bridge Too Far". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  31. Papamichael, Stella. "A Bridge Too Far: Special Edition DVD (1977)". BBC. Retrieved September 5, 2010..
  32. Egan p 145

References

  • Arthur, Max, Forgotten Voices of the Second World War: A new history of world war two in the words of the men and women who were there, Ebury Press, 2004 ISBN 0091897351 OCLC 57691717
  • Goldman, William (1977), William Goldman's Story of a Bridge Too Far, Coronet Books, ISBN 978-0-340-22340-6 [NB: Book has no page numbers]
  • Ryan, Cornelius (1974), A Bridge Too Far, London: Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 978-0-340-19941-1
  • Waddy, Colonel John (1977), "The Making of a Bridge Too Far", After the Battle, London: Plaistow Press (17): 10–34
  • Ambrose, Stephen E. & Immerman, Richard H., Ike's spies: Eisenhower and the espionage establishment, University Press of Mississippi, 1999. ISBN 0-385-14493-8 OCLC 6863017

See also

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