Abstract factory pattern

The Abstract Factory [3] design pattern is one of the twenty-three well-known GoF design patterns that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.

The Abstract Factory design pattern solves problems like: [4]

• How can an application be independent of how its objects are created?
• How can a class be independent of how the objects it requires are created?
• How can families of related or dependent objects be created?

Creating objects directly within the class that requires the objects is inflexible because it commits the class to particular objects and makes it impossible to change the instantiation later independently from (without having to change) the class. It stops the class from being reusable if other objects are required, and it makes the class hard to test because real objects cannot be replaced with mock objects.

The Abstract Factory design pattern describes how to solve such problems:

• Encapsulate object creation in a separate (factory) object. That is, define an interface (AbstractFactory) for creating objects, and implement the interface.
• A class delegates object creation to a factory object instead of creating objects directly.

This makes a class independent of how its objects are created (which concrete classes are instantiated). A class can be configured with a factory object, which it uses to create objects, and even more, the factory object can be exchanged at run-time.

The essence of the Abstract Factory Pattern is to "Provide an interface for creating families of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes.".[5]

The factory determines the actual concrete type of object to be created, and it is here that the object is actually created (in C++, for instance, by the new operator). However, the factory only returns an abstract pointer to the created concrete object.

This insulates client code from object creation by having clients ask a factory object to create an object of the desired abstract type and to return an abstract pointer to the object.[6]

As the factory only returns an abstract pointer, the client code (that requested the object from the factory) does not know — and is not burdened by — the actual concrete type of the object that was just created. However, the type of a concrete object (and hence a concrete factory) is known by the abstract factory; for instance, the factory may read it from a configuration file. The client has no need to specify the type, since it has already been specified in the configuration file. In particular, this means:

• The client code has no knowledge whatsoever of the concrete type, not needing to include any header files or class declarations related to it. The client code deals only with the abstract type. Objects of a concrete type are indeed created by the factory, but the client code accesses such objects only through their abstract interface.[7]
• Adding new concrete types is done by modifying the client code to use a different factory, a modification that is typically one line in one file. The different factory then creates objects of a different concrete type, but still returns a pointer of the same abstract type as before — thus insulating the client code from change. This is significantly easier than modifying the client code to instantiate a new type, which would require changing every location in the code where a new object is created (as well as making sure that all such code locations also have knowledge of the new concrete type, by including for instance a concrete class header file). If all factory objects are stored globally in a singleton object, and all client code goes through the singleton to access the proper factory for object creation, then changing factories is as easy as changing the singleton object.[7]

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from sys import platform


class Button(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def paint(self):
        pass


class LinuxButton(Button):
    def paint(self):
        return "Render a button in a Linux style"


class WindowsButton(Button):
    def paint(self):
        return "Render a button in a Windows style"


class MacOSButton(Button):
    def paint(self):
        return "Render a button in a MacOS style"


class GUIFactory(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def create_button(self):
        pass


class LinuxFactory(GUIFactory):
    def create_button(self):
        return LinuxButton()


class WindowsFactory(GUIFactory):
    def create_button(self):
        return WindowsButton()


class MacOSFactory(GUIFactory):
    def create_button(self):
        return MacOSButton()


if platform == "linux":
    factory = LinuxFactory()
elif platform == "darwin":
    factory = MacOSFactory()
elif platform == "win32":
    factory = WindowsFactory()
else:
    raise NotImplementedError(f"Not implemented for your platform: {platform}")

button = factory.create_button()
result = button.paint()
print(result)

Alternative implementation using the classes themselves as factories:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from sys import platform


class Button(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def paint(self):
        pass


class LinuxButton(Button):
    def paint(self):
        return "Render a button in a Linux style"


class WindowsButton(Button):
    def paint(self):
        return "Render a button in a Windows style"


class MacOSButton(Button):
    def paint(self):
        return "Render a button in a MacOS style"


if platform == "linux":
    factory = LinuxButton
elif platform == "darwin":
    factory = MacOSButton
elif platform == "win32":
    factory = WindowsButton
else:
    raise NotImplementedError(f"Not implemented for your platform: {platform}")

button = factory()
result = button.paint()
print(result)

• Concrete class
• Factory method pattern
• Object creation
• Software design pattern

The Wikibook Computer Science Design Patterns has a page on the topic of: Abstract Factory in action

• Abstract Factory implementation in Java
• Media related to Abstract factory at Wikimedia Commons
• Abstract Factory UML diagram + formal specification in LePUS3 and Class-Z (a Design Description Language)
• Abstract Factory Abstract Factory implementation example