Alan Sokal

Alan David Sokal (/ˈsoʊkəl/; born January 24, 1955) is a professor of mathematics at University College London and professor of physics at New York University. He works in statistical mechanics and combinatorics. He is a critic of postmodernism, and caused the Sokal affair in 1996 when his deliberately nonsensical paper was published by Duke University Press's Social Text. He also works to counter faulty scientific reasoning, as seen with his involvement in criticising the critical positivity ratio concept in positive psychology.

Alan Sokal
Sokal in 2011
Born (1955-01-24) January 24, 1955
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
CitizenshipUnited States
EducationHarvard University (B.A.)
Princeton University (Ph.D.)
Known forSokal Affair
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics, Mathematics, Philosophy of Science
InstitutionsNew York University
National Autonomous University of Nicaragua
University College London
ThesisAn Alternate Constructive Approach to the φ4
3 Quantum Field Theory, and a Possible Destructive Approach to φ4
4 (1981)
Doctoral advisorArthur Wightman

Academic career

Sokal received his BA from Harvard College in 1976 and his PhD from Princeton University in 1981. He was advised by Arthur Wightman. In the summers of 1986, 1987, and 1988, Sokal taught mathematics at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, when the Sandinistas were heading the elected government.

Research interests

Sokal's research lies in mathematical physics and combinatorics. In particular, he studies the interplay between these fields based on questions arising in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory. This includes work on the chromatic polynomial and the Tutte polynomial, which appear both in algebraic graph theory and in the study of phase transitions in statistical mechanics. His interests include computational physics and algorithms, such as Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms for problems in statistical physics. He also co-authored a book on quantum triviality.[1]

In 2013 Sokal co-authored a paper with Nicholas Brown and Harris Friedman, rejecting the Losada Line, a concept popular in positive psychology. Named after its proposer, Marcial Losada, it refers to a critical range for an individual's ratio of positive to negative emotions, outside of which the individual will tend to have poorer life and occupational outcomes.[2] This concept of a critical positivity ratio was highly cited and popularised by psychologists such as Barbara Fredrickson. The trio's paper, published in American Psychologist, contended that the ratio was based on faulty mathematical reasoning and therefore invalid.[3]

Sokal affair
Main article: Sokal affair

In 1996, Sokal was curious to see whether the then-non-peer-reviewed postmodern cultural studies journal Social Text (published by Duke University Press) would publish a submission which "flattered the editors' ideological preconceptions". Sokal submitted a grand-sounding but completely nonsensical paper titled "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity."[4][5]

After holding the article back from earlier issues due to Sokal's refusal to consider revisions, the staff published it in the "Science Wars" issue as a relevant contribution.[6] Soon thereafter, Sokal then revealed that the article was a hoax in the journal Lingua Franca,[7] arguing that the left and social science would be better served by intellectual underpinnings based on reason. The affair was front-page news in The New York Times on May 18, 1996. Sokal responded to leftist and postmodernist criticism of the deception by asserting that his motivation was to "defend the Left from a trendy segment of itself".

The affair, together with Paul R. Gross and Norman Levitt's 1994 book Higher Superstition, can be considered to be a part of the so-called science wars.

Sokal followed up in 1997 by co-authoring the book Impostures Intellectuelles with physicist and philosopher of science Jean Bricmont (published in English, a year later, as Fashionable Nonsense). The book accuses some social sciences academics of using scientific and mathematical terms incorrectly and criticizes proponents of the "strong program" of the sociology of science for denying the value of truth. The book had contrasted reviews, with some lauding the effort,[8] and some more reserved.[9][10]

In 2008, Sokal revisited the Sokal affair and its implications in Beyond the Hoax.

References
  1. R. Fernandez, J. Froehlich, A. D. Sokal, "Random Walks, Critical Phenomena, and Triviality in Quantum Field Theory". Springer (April 1992) ISBN 0-387-54358-9
  2. Losada M (1999). "The complex dynamics of high performance teams". Mathematical and Computer Modelling. 30 (9–10): 179–192. doi:10.1016/s0895-7177(99)00189-2.
  3. Brown N. J. L.; Sokal A. D.; Friedman H. L. (2013). "The Complex Dynamics of Wishful Thinking: The Critical Positivity Ratio". American Psychologist. 68 (9): 801–13. arXiv:1307.7006. doi:10.1037/a0032850. PMID 23855896. S2CID 644769.
  4. Sokal A. (1996). "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity". Social Text. 46/47 (46/47): 217–252. doi:10.2307/466856. JSTOR 466856.
  5. Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity
  6. Robbins, Bruce and Ross, Andrew. http://physics.nyu.edu/sokal/SocialText_reply_LF.pdf Editorial Response to the hoax, explaining Social Text's decision to publish
  7. Sokal A. (1996). "A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies" (PDF). Lingua Franca: 62–64.
  8. Richard Dawkins (July 1998). "Postmodernism disrobed". Nature. 394 (6689): 141–143. Bibcode:1998Natur.394..141D. doi:10.1038/28089. S2CID 40887987.
  9. Stephen Hilgartner (Autumn 1997). "The Sokal Affair in Context". Science, Technology & Human Values. 22 (4): 506–522. doi:10.1177/016224399702200404. S2CID 145740247.
  10. William M. Epstein (1990). "Confirmational response bias among social work journals". Science, Technology & Human Values. 15 (1): 9–38. doi:10.1177/016224399001500102. S2CID 140863997.
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