Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Albert Einstein College of Medicine is a private medical school located in the Morris Park neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. Einstein operates as an independent degree-granting institute since 2018, and is part of the integrated health care system, Montefiore Health System (Montefiore Medicine),[1] which includes Montefiore Medical Center.

Not to be confused with Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia.
For other institutes containing "Einstein" in the names, see Albert Einstein (disambiguation).

Albert Einstein College of Medicine
TypePrivate, not-for-profit, nonsectarian
Established1953 (1953)
Parent institution
Montefiore Health System
DeanGordon Tomaselli
Academic staff
2,000+ full-time
Students
Location
The Bronx, New York City
,
New York
,
US
CampusUrban
NicknameEinstein
Websitewww.einsteinmed.org

It is well-rated in care and research, and its NIH funding per investigator ranks high (7th among US universities in 2019).[2][3][4]

Einstein offers a M.D. program and a Ph.D. program in the biomedical sciences and clinical investigation, and two Master of Science (M.S.) degrees.

History

Einstein used to be the medical school of Yeshiva University. Samuel Belkin, then-president of Yeshiva University, began planning a new medical school as early as 1945. Six years later, Belkin and New York City Mayor Vincent Impellitteri entered into an agreement to begin its construction with funding from Henry H. Minskoff[5] and Phillip Stollman.[6] Around the same time, world-renowned physicist and humanitarian Albert Einstein sent a letter to Belkin. He remarked that such an endeavor would be "unique" in that the school would "welcome students of all creeds and races".[7] Two years later, on his 74th birthday, March 14, 1953, Albert Einstein agreed to have his name attached to the medical school.

The first classes began September 12, 1955, with 56 students. It was the first new medical school to open in New York City since 1897. The Sue Golding Graduate Division was established in 1957 to offer Doctor of Philosophy degrees in biomedical disciplines.[8] The Medical Scientist Training Program, a combined MD–PhD program, was started 1964.[9] The Clinical Research Training Program, which confers Master of Science degrees in clinical research methods, began in July 1998.[10]

In February 2015, Yeshiva University announced the transfer of ownership of Einstein to the Montefiore Health System, in order to eliminate a large deficit from the university's financial statements. The medical school accounted for approximately two-thirds of the university's annual operating deficits, which had reached about $100 million before the announcement.[11] On September 9, 2015, the agreement between Yeshiva and Montefiore was finalized, and financial and operational control of Albert Einstein College of Medicine was transferred to Montefiore.[12][13] Yeshiva University continued to grant Einstein's degrees until 2018, as the medical school achieved independent degree-granting authority in the spring of 2019.[14][15]

Student body

There are 183 first-year medical students in the Class of 2022. 7,052 people applied for seats, and 1,100 were interviewed. 54% of the class identify as women and 16% identify with groups underrepresented in medicine. Ages range from 21 to 33 with an average age of 23.5. 17% of students were born outside the United States and students come from 20 U.S. states. 8% of students have master's degrees and 13% are certified EMTs. Students have an excellent track record of volunteer service.[16]

Programs

MD Program

Admissions to Einstein's MD program are highly competitive. In response and to prepare applicants for holistic review that will evaluate, equally, their personal characteristics and academic readiness for medical school, the Albert Einstein College of Medicine has instituted a competency-based admissions process. In other words, applicants are expected to demonstrate a solid foundation in science, but there is no strict requirement on which prerequisite courses must be taken. This "competency-based" approach also provides candidates greater flexibility, for example, by substituting laboratory experience gained, while employed, for laboratory and or course requirements taken in school, or by substituting online courses that free up time to pursue interests that enhance the applicant's level of maturity and readiness for the medical profession.[17][18]

Medical Scientist Training Program

Einstein's MSTP was one of the original three programs funded by the NIH in 1964, and has been funded continuously since then.[19] The program is designed to train investigators who could bridge the gap between basic science and clinical research by providing integrated graduate and clinical training. Einstein's MSTP offers an integrated first-year curriculum covering both graduate and medical coursework. Second-year MSTP students complete the second year M.D. curriculum while working to select a Ph.D. thesis advisor. After performing one clinical clerkship, students commence their thesis research while completing any remaining coursework required for their graduate department. Students are expected to publish at least one first author, peer-reviewed paper. On average, students publish two first-author papers and four papers. After defending their dissertation, students complete the required clinical clerkships then have the opportunity to take "fourth-year" electives.[20] While on dissertation status, students have the opportunity to attend the MSTP continuity clinic which ensures they stay in touch with patients and the clinical atmosphere.[21]

Since the first graduating class in 1961, the Graduate Division of Biomedical Sciences has trained over 1600 students, including 400 M.D./Ph.D. students. The average time to complete the degree is 5.8 years, and students produce an average of four peer-reviewed papers and two first-author peer-reviewed papers.[22] Students do not apply to a specific department, but rather to the Ph.D. program as a whole, permitting them to rotate across laboratories and disciplines to make an informed choice regarding their thesis laboratory.

Master's Degree Programs

The Clinical Research Training Program, founded in 1998, leads to the awarding of the Master of Science in Clinical Research Methods. This program involves spending one year after clerkships and some elective time during the fourth year completing courses in clinical research methods and driving a mentor-guided research project that leads to two first-author manuscripts. This program is offered at no additional cost to medical students and fellowship stipends are available.[23] In addition to medical students, clinical fellows and academic researchers also take part in this training.

In partnership with The Cardozo School of Law, Einstein offers a Master of Science in Bioethics that focuses on transnational work in bioethics to help professionals improve care and communication.[24]

PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences

Applicants apply directly to the PhD program, not to a specific department. This allows graduate students to gain exposure many areas of research before making an informed decision about the thesis work.[25] There are more than 200 biomedical laboratories for students to choose.[26]

PhD Program In Clinical Investigation (PCI)

The Ph.D. concentration in Clinical Investigation (PCI) provides rigorous advanced training that prepares students for an independent research career in clinical and translational science. PCI is offered for Ph.D. students enrolled in Einstein’s graduate division and for M.D./Ph.D. students in Einstein’s Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP).[27]

Affiliations

Einstein's affiliated hospital networks include Montefiore Health System and Jacobi Medical Center, providing diverse medical settings (e.g., urban and suburban, private and public) for training experiences.

Montefiore Health System

Einstein's parent institute, Montefiore Health System, is a private healthcare system and one of the largest employers in New York. It comprises 15 member hospitals, including Montefiore Medical Center and Children's Hospital at Montefiore,[28] and more than 200 outpatient ambulatory care sites that provide coordinated, comprehensive care to patients and their families across the Bronx, Westchester and the Hudson Valley.[1]

Jacobi Medical Center

Jacobi Medical Center, a public hospital adjacent to Einstein, provides health care for some 1.2 million Bronx and New York City area residents.

Centers and institutes

NIH Designated Centers
  • Albert Einstein Cancer Center
  • Center for AIDS Research
  • Diabetes Research Center
  • Harold and Muriel Block Institute for Clinical and Translational Research at Einstein and Montefiore
  • Institute for Aging Research
  • Marion Bessin Liver Research Center
  • New York Regional Center for Diabetes Translation Research
  • Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center [29]

[30]

Centers of Excellence
  • Bronx HOPE
  • Center for Epigenomics
  • Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center
  • Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center
  • Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center
  • Institute for Onco-Physics
  • Integrated Imaging Program
  • Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research
  • Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute

[30]

Programs of Distinction
  • Center for Comparative Effectiveness Research
  • Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration
  • Resnick Gerontology Center

[30]

Einstein Specialty Programs
  • Global Health Center

[30]

Achievements
The Michael F. Price Center for Genetic and Translational Medicine and Harold and Muriel Block Research Pavilion, 2008

Einstein has supported such medical achievements as:[31]

  • Einstein researchers demonstrated the association between reduced levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol and heart disease.
  • Einstein scientists discovered structural abnormalities of brain cells that explain certain forms of intellectual disability.
  • The Division of Substance Abuse is the largest addiction treatment program in the Bronx.
  • In 1964, Einstein was the first medical school in the United States to establish a Department of Genetics.
  • In 1965, Einstein opened one of the first General Clinical Research Centers in the US, funded by the NIH
  • In 1976, researchers at Einstein identified the mechanism of action of Taxol, a cancer drug.
  • In 1988, one of the first U.S.Centers for AIDS Research funded by the NIH was created at Einstein.

Allegations of discrimination

The college has been the center of several allegations of discrimination. In 1994, Einstein was sued by Heidi Weissmann, a researcher in nuclear medicine and former associate professor of radiology, for sexual discrimination for not promoting her due to gender bias. The case was settled for $900,000.[32] In 1989, Heidi Weissmann also won a copyright infringement suit against her former colleague and co-author Leonard M. Freeman, who published as his own an article written by Weissmann after adding three words to the title.[33]

In 1998, Yeshiva University (Einstein was part of Yeshiva University then) was sued by the American Civil Liberties Union for discrimination against two medical students over their sexual orientation by not allowing their non-student, non-married partners to live with them in student housing.[34]

See also

References
  1. "Montefiore Medical Center". www.montefiore.org. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  2. Goldstein, Matthew J.; Lunn, Mitchell R.; Peng, Lily (May 2015). "What Makes a Top Research Medical School? A Call for a New Model to Evaluate Academic Physicians and Medical School Performance:". Academic Medicine. 90 (5): 603–608. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000646. ISSN 1040-2446. PMID 25607941.
  3. "Yeshiva University (Einstein)". U.S. News & World Report.
  4. "Einstein Ranks 7th in NIH Awards Per Principal Investigator Among Top U.S. Medical Schools". Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  5. New York Times: "Henry H. Minskoff, 73, Head of Major Building Company" by Glenn Fowler August 15, 1984.
  6. "Phillip Stollman Dies, Held Many Top Posts". Jewish Post (Indianapolis). May 13, 1998.
  7. "Einstein: Albert Einstein College of Medicine". Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  8. "History: Albert Einstein College of Medicine". Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  9. "Welcome to the MSTP @ Einstein!", Albert Einstein College of Medicine website.
  10. "C.R.T.P. Home — Clinical & Translational Research — Albert Einstein College of Medicine". Retrieved 9 January 2011.
  11. Yeshiva U. Finally Closes Deal To Shed Burden of Money-Losing Einstein Medical School The Jewish Daily Forward, 4 February 2015.
  12. "Yeshiva University, Montefiore Finalize New Agreement for Albert Einstein College of Medicine". news-medical.net. News-Medical.net. September 10, 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  13. "Yeshiva University, Montefiore finalize new agreement for Albert Einstein College of Medicine". 10 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  14. Spiegel, Allen M. (September 9, 2015). "Promising Future for "New" Einstein" (PDF). Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  15. http://www.einsteinmed.org/news/releases/1328/albert-einstein-college-of-medicine-achieves-independent-degree-granting-authority/
  16. "Profile of the Class of 2022 | M.D. Admissions | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  17. "Course Requirements | M.D. Admissions | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". einsteinmed.org. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  18. Kerrigan, Noreen; Akabas, Myles H.; Betzler, Thomas F.; Castaldi, Maria; Kelly, Mary S.; Levy, Adam S.; Reichgott, Michael J.; Ruberman, Louise; Dolan, Siobhan M. (2016-02-03). "Implementing competency based admissions at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine". Medical Education Online. 21. doi:10.3402/meo.v21.30000. ISSN 1087-2981. PMC 4742465. PMID 26847852.
  19. "History | Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  20. "Program Description | Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". www.einsteinmed.org. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  21. "Features | Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". www.einsteinmed.org. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  22. "Einstein Graduate Student Outcomes & Alumni Statistics | Graduate Programs in the Biomedical Sciences | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". www.einsteinmed.org. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  23. "Master Degree Programs | M.D. Program | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  24. "Einstein Students Complementing the M.D. with the M.B.E. | Einstein-Cardozo Bioethics Graduate Education | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  25. "PhD Program | Graduate Programs in the Biomedical Sciences | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". einsteinmed.org. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  26. "Opportunities for Discovery at Einstein | Graduate Programs in the Biomedical Sciences | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". www.einsteinmed.org. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  27. "Ph.D. Concentration In Clinical Investigation (PCI) | Harold and Muriel Block INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH at Einstein and Montefiore | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". www.einsteinmed.org. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  28. "Getting to The Weiler Division". Montefiore.org. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
  29. "Overview | Rose F. Kennedy Children's Evaluation & Rehabilitation Center | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". www.einsteinmed.org. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  30. "Academic Departments & Centers | Albert Einstein College of Medicine". einsteinmed.org. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
  31. "Einstein Firsts — Albert Einstein College of Medicine". Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  32. "Medical School, Researcher Settle Sex Bias Lawsuit; Experts Say $900,000 Payment Could Encourage Similar Cases". The Washington Post. March 18, 1994.
  33. "Heidi S. Weissmann, M.D., Cross-Appellee v. Leonard M. Freeman, M.D., Cross-Appellant, 868 F.2d 1313 (2d Cir. 1989)". 1989.
  34. Honan, William H. (June 25, 1998). "A.C.L.U. Sues Yeshiva U. On Housing for Gay Couples". New York Times. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
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