American Orthodox Catholic Church

The American Orthodox Catholic Church (AOCC), also known as the American Orthodox Catholic Church – American Patriarchate (AOCC-AP) or the Holy Eastern Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church in North America (HEOCACNA), and sometimes simply the American Patriarchate, is an independent Eastern Orthodox Christian church with its origins from 1924-1927.[1] The church was formally created on February 2, 1927 and chartered in the U.S. state of Massachusetts by Metropolitan Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York and led by Aftimios Ofiesh before his disputed suspension and deposition in 1933.[2][3][4][5]

American Orthodox Catholic Church
Seal of the American Orthodox Catholic Church
AbbreviationAOCC
TypeEastern Christian
ClassificationEastern Orthodox
ScriptureSeptuagint, New Testament
TheologyEastern Orthodox Catholicism, Palamism, Hesychasm
PolityEpiscopal
GovernanceHoly Synod of the American Orthodox Catholic Church
PatriarchRoger Paul Willingham
RegionNorth America, South America
LanguageEnglish, Church Slavonic, Spanish, Russian, Irish, German, Arabic, Latin, Italian, Koine Greek, Modern Greek, Romanian, Bulgarian, Albanian, Serbian, French, other vernacular languages
LiturgyByzantine and Western
FounderAftimios Ofiesh
Origin1927
New York, N.Y., United States
Branched fromRussian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in America (Orthodox Church in America)
Defunct1934 (first)

The American Orthodox Catholic Church is the first attempted autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian jurisdiction for North America, though it was originally established as a diocese of the Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in America (today the Orthodox Church in America).[2] The American Orthodox Catholic Church functioned as an archbishopric before elevation to the patriarchate. It is currently led by Patriarch Roger Paul Willingham.[6]

The purpose of the American Orthodox Catholic Church was to establish a new tradition in North America separate from any other particular ethnic or cultural traditions.[4][7] It operated in the United States of America with initial support from the Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in America, until Ofiesh suspected autocephaly and jurisdiction over the Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in America, the Antiochian Archdiocese, Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, and others.[2][4] In 1936, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA schismed from the American Orthodox Catholic Church and reunited with the mainstream Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[8][9]

History

Bishop Aftimios Ofiesh (second right) with the 1921 pan-Orthodox gathering of bishops[10]

Aftimios Ofiesh officially founded the American Orthodox Catholic Church in 1927 with assistance from Metropolitan Platon.[3][4][2] The Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in America (ROGCCA) originally supported the establishment of the North American Orthodox jurisdiction as a diocese.[4] The movement to establish a new American tradition gained popularity. Within four years, the American Orthodox Catholic Church consecrated four bishops with a charter granted from the ROGCCA. After the consecration of the four bishops, its formal members developed a constitution for the new Orthodox church.[11]:78–80

Open hostility

Aftimios Ofiesh in 1922

The establishment of the church inspired a reactionary movement against it, especially from the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR). Although the ROGCCA severed ties with ROCOR in 1926,[12] the ROCOR still viewed itself as the ROGCCA's rightful canonical authority. Aftimios replied forcefully, denouncing the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia for their actions and forbade his clergy and faithful from having anything to do with them.[13] Like his estranged former associates in ROCOR, ROGCCA Metropolitan Platon turned his back on the American Orthodox Catholic Church out of perceived lack of loyalty.[14][2] However, others began to doubt Platon's support of the new church primarily because of publications in the Orthodox Catholic Review (edited by Hieromonk Boris and Priest Michael) that were aimed at the Episcopal Church USA.[2][15][14]

To worsen matters, the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch sent Archbishop Victor (Abo-Assaley) of New York to America in 1924,[16] where he encouraged Orthodox Arabs to come under Antiochian jurisdiction rather than under the Russians or the new American Church.[3] Despite his efforts, he did not make much headway in his endeavors.

To counteract Archbishop Victor's actions, Aftimios and his group began to focus on the establishment of the church's legal status. For a while, the American Orthodox Catholic Church enjoyed some success. In May 1928, Sophronios (Beshara) was consecrated as Bishop of Los Angeles.[17] He was given responsibility for all territory west of the Mississippi River and for parishes who still considered themselves to be under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in America.[13] However, the success did not last. It was expected that with its first bishops, they would achieve a solid foundation, but this did not happen.

In 1929, Aftimios attempted to gain Greek Archbishop Alexander Demoglou of Rodostolou's support for the new church.[18] Demoglou was the first primate of the newly formed Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. His response was that he had authority over not only all of the Greek Orthodox in America, but also over all Orthodox Christians in America. Aftimios ordained Reverend Demetrius Cassis, an American of Greek parentage, for the new American Church.[13]

In The Quest for Orthodox Church Unity in America, Fr. Serafim believes that Aftimios's opposition to the new church had shifted from reservation to optimism. Fr. Serafim claims this shift in Aftimios's emotions because of a letter dated October 4, 1929 where Aftimios declared that:

"His Eminence, the Most Reverend Platon (Rozhdestvensky), the Metropolitan of Khersson and Odessa, has no proper, valid, legal, or effective appointment, credentials or authority to rule the North American Archdiocese of the Russian Orthodox Church in any capacity. Such being the case it follows that from the departure of His Eminence Archbishop Alexander (Nemolovsky) that the lawful and canonical ruling headship of the Archdiocese of the Aleutian Islands and North America in the Patriarchal Russian Church has naturally been vested in the First Vicar and Senior Bishop in this Jurisdiction" therefore "the title and position of 'Metropolitan of North America and Canada' has no canonical existence in the Russian Church." It is signed by "Aftimios, First Vicar and Senior Bishop in the Archdiocese of the Aleutian Islands and North America."[13]:39

Undoubtedly, Aftimios wrote the letter assuming that Platon had already given him authority over all Orthodox Christians in North America.[19] Fr. Serafim continues by saying that Aftimios's denunciation of Platon's authority barely affected the Russian parishes or their clergy. The reason for Aftimios's denunciation was that Platon would continue to rule the archdiocese until a bishop was sent to relieve him, even though the Ukaz of Patriarch Tikhon suspended Platon.[13]

The announcement of Aftimios's authority had a negative effect on some members of the American Orthodox Catholic Church. Two weeks after it became public, Bp. Emmanuel (Abo-Hatab) requested canonical release from Aftimios, who gave it reluctantly.[20] He went over to Platon and tried to bring Syrian parishes away from Aftimios and back under the ROGCCA.[21] Despite these troubles, Aftimios continued to explore new opportunities. He began negotiations to bring Bp. Fan (Noli) to serve as a bishop in the new American Church, with jurisdiction over Albanian Orthodox Christians. Though Bp. Fan did eventually come to the United States, it was under the auspices of the ROGCCA.[22] Aftimios continued his attempts to boost the legitimacy of his jurisdiction.

Around October 1930 Aftimios sent a letter to his clergy indicating that they ought to keep their distance from Bp. Germanos (Shehadi) of Zahle who had come from Antioch, without the Antiochian Orthodox Church's authorization, to gather funds from Arabic Orthodox parishes and to encourage such parishes to come under Antioch's jurisdiction.[23] While in the U.S., Bp. Germanos accepted Archpriest Basil Kherbawi under his omophorion. Kherbawi had previously been suspended by Abp. Aftimios for disloyalty.

Disintegration

In 1932, Aftimios's cathedral was taken from him and given over to the ROGCCA by a decision of a New York State court. The charter stated that the cathedral could only be used by a hierarch subject to the authority of the Russian Church. Nevertheless, Aftimios consecrated two more bishops, Ignatius ((W.A.) Nichols, a former Episcopal cleric who had become an Old Catholic episcopus vagans), and Joseph (Zuk) of New Jersey. Zuk had ties to the Ukrainians, who had the allegiance of a half dozen parishes.[9]

Aftimios's discouragement over the state of his jurisdiction is believed the cause to make the decision that is known to the Eastern Orthodox Church as the death-knell for the American Orthodox Catholic Church:[7][24]

"...on the 29th of April 1933 Abp Aftimios, in defiance of all Orthodox Tradition and Canon Law... married in a civil ceremony to a young Evangelical Syrian girl born in America [she was actually a member of the Syrian Orthodox parish in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania]—and despite all the efforts of responsible parties, he refused to resign as Archbishop of the new Church."[13]:41

The two new bishops of the church, Ignatius and Joseph, voiced their support of Aftimios's marriage.[25][26] In previous traditions and cultures, bishops were not allowed to marry, but since the new church is separate from any other particular ethnic or cultural traditions, they acknowledged Aftimios's decision as courageous.[13] Three days after Aftimios's wedding, Ignatius and Joseph held a synod meeting by themselves. During the meeting, they elected Joseph as the new President Archbishop of the American Orthodox Catholic Church. Since they believed that Aftimios had resigned, Ignatius was designated his successor. Fr. Serafim observes that these leadership complications eventually undermined any authority the church may have still had. Fr. Andrew Stephen Damick largely blames the multiple consecrations by Ignatius as another complication.[27] By the summer of 1933, only six parishes remained in the American Orthodox Catholic Church.[13]

Joseph later denied making the agreement that Ignatius would be his successor. His denial was not very significant because he was already sick. Joseph died soon after, on February 23, 1934.[13] Ignatius then got married in June 1933 and began forming ecumenical relations with the representatives of the Living Church in America. The Living Church had been competing with the ROGCCA and ROCOR. He eventually broke relations with the Living Church and returned to being an episcopus vagans. Before his death, Joseph started multiple small religious bodies, many of whom claim apostolic succession from him. He became the first bishop of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA and died as the pastor of a small community church in Middle Springs, Vermont.[28]

The only bishop left to the American Orthodox Catholic Church was Sophronios (Beshara), who then appealed to Platon for assistance. He had also intended to contact Emmanuel Abo-Hatab, but Emmanuel died on May 29, 1933. Despite his challenges, Bp. Sophronius embraced his new position as 'President Locum Tenens of the American Holy Synod.' Bp. Sophronius hoped to use his new position to mend relations with Metr. Platon and to be viewed as an equal authority within the Church.[13]:42

By this point, Platon was focused on the arrival of the representative of the Patriarchate from Russia, Bp. Benjamin Fedchenkov of Saratov. Fedchenkov's purpose in the United States was to investigate the ecclesiastical status of Orthodox America.[29] Due to the new church's lack of support, the remaining priests and parishes joined other authorities or became members of the Independent Sacramental Movement. Hieromonk Boris and Priest Michael were received back into the authority of Moscow and the ROGCCA.

Later, in 1933, Sophronios officially removed and suspended Aftimios in October and deposed Ignatius in November. Sophronios still refused to submit to Platon or the Moscow Patriarchate.[13] The American Orthodox Catholic Church in its original form ended when Sophronios died in 1934 in Los Angeles. Fr. Serafim gives the date of his death as 1934, but his gravestone reads 1940. He is now buried at the Antiochian Village in Pennsylvania alongside St. Raphael of Brooklyn and Emmanuel (Abo-Hatab).[13]

Succession

Despite many attempts to reestablish the American Orthodox Catholic Church, the primary visible continuation of the church is the American Orthodox Catholic Church (American Patriarchate) and its Western Rite metropolis based in Pennsylvania. The American Orthodox Catholic Church (American Patriarchate) was re-incorporated in Delaware in 2012 and trademarked. Other notable continuations include the Byleorussian Orthodox Catholic Church (now the American World Patriarchs), the American Orthodox Church established in 1972 by Bishop Joseph Thaddeus (Alan Sanford), the THEOCACNA-Vladimir Synod, and the American Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church established in 1986 (previously named the Russian Orthodox Church in America).

Practices

The American Orthodox Catholic Church and its successors are distinguished from the mainstream Eastern Orthodox Church by permitting married bishops and various Western Rite liturgies. Practices commonly held within the successive American Orthodox Catholic Church Western Rite Metropolia (American Patriarchate) are the Divine Liturgy in Celtic, Gallican, Anglo-Catholic, and Old Roman Orthodox (Liturgy of Saint Hipolitus, stemming from the Anaphora of the Apostolic Tradition) rites.

References

  1. "Orthodox or Not? - Questions & Answers". www.oca.org. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  2. "Archbishop Aftimios (Ofiesh, d. July 1966) of Brooklyn". ROCOR Studies. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-02.
  3. "Orthodox Christians in North America - Chapter 5". www.oca.org. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  4. "The Orthodox Faith - Volume III - Church History - Twentieth Century - Orthodoxy in America, Part Two: Other Orthodox Jurisdictions". www.oca.org. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  5. "Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America". www.antiochian.org. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-02.
  6. "An Inter-Synodal Agreement" (PDF). EOCCNA.
  7. Namee, Matthew (2010-05-18). "Our Best Chance Yet: an historical reflection on administrative unity". Orthodox History. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  8. "History". www.uocofusa.org. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  9. Namee, Matthew (2011-03-15). "Bishop Joseph Zuk: A brief biographical overview". Orthodox History. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  10. Namee, Matthew (2010-01-28). "Solving the mystery: the 1921 pan-Orthodox gathering of bishops". Orthodox History. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
  11. Garvey, F.J. 2014, "Turning to Tradition: Converts and the Making of an American Orthodox Church by D. Oliver Herbel (review)", American Catholic Studies, vol. 125, no. 3, pp. 78–80.
  12. "ROCOR/OCA Episcopal Concelebration". Orthodox History. 2011-06-15. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  13. Surrency, Archim. Serafim. The Quest for Orthodox Church Unity in America (New York: Sts. Boris and Gleb Press, 1973), 32–42.
  14. Fr. Andrew Stephen Damick (2009-11-04). "The Reversal of Platon Rozhdestvensky". Orthodox History. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  15. "A Basis for Orthodox Consideration of Unity" (PDF). 2010-05-08. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-05-08. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  16. Namee, Matthew (2014-07-14). "Remembrances of Archbishop Victor Abo-Assaly". Orthodox History. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
  17. Herbel, Fr Oliver (2012-01-19). "HEOCACNA and Bishop Sophronios(us)". Orthodox History. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  18. Namee, Matthew (2018-01-29). "The Myth of Unity". Orthodox History. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
  19. Fr. Andrew Stephen Damick (2009-07-14). "Not Quite SCOBA". Orthodox History. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  20. "Rev Fr Emmanuel Rizkallah Abo Hatab (1887-1933) -..." www.findagrave.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  21. Namee, Matthew (2012-04-24). "Some thoughts on the Russy-Antacky schism". Orthodox History. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  22. "Orthodox Christians in North America - Chapter 4". www.oca.org. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  23. "This week in American Orthodox history". June 8, 2020. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020.
  24. "Aftimios Ofiesh marriage. Hazelton, PA May 5, 1933". Standard-Speaker. 1933-05-05. p. 8. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  25. Fr. Andrew Stephen Damick (2012-04-27). "Photo of the week: a newlywed archbishop". Orthodox History. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  26. "The Second Convert Orthodox Bishop in America". Orthodox History. 2009-08-10. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  27. "From Aftimios Ofiesh to The Satan Seller". Orthodox History. 2009-07-18. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
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  29. "Metropolitan Benjamin (Fedchenkov) - Canadian Orthodox History Project". orthodoxcanada.ca. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-09.

    Literature

    • Damick, Rev. Andrew Stephen. The Archbishop's Wife: Archbishop Aftimios Ofiesh of Brooklyn, the American Orthodox Catholic Church, and the Founding of the Antiochian Archdiocese (1880–1943) (M.Div. thesis, St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary, 2007).
    • Gabriel, Archpriest Antony. The Ancient Church on New Shores: Antioch in North America (San Bernardino, California: St. Willibrord's Press, 1996), 44–55.
    • LaBat, Sean J. The Holy Eastern Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church in North America – 1927–1934, A Case Study in North American Missions (M.Div. thesis, St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, 1995).
    • Ofiesh, Mariam Namey. Archbishop Aftimios Ofiesh (1880–1966): A Biography Revealing His Contribution to Orthodoxy and Christendom (Sun City West, AZ: Abihider Co., 1999). (ISBN 0966090810)
    • Surrency, Archim. Serafim. The Quest for Orthodox Church Unity in America (New York: Sts. Boris and Gleb Press, 1973), 32–42.
    • The Life of Archbishop Aftimios Ofiesh, from the 1995 THEOCACNA group (an altered form of an article by Fr. John W. Morris which appeared in the February and March 1981 issues of The Word)
    • AOCC, the church under Patriarch Roger Paul Willingham
    • THEOCACNA, the church under Patriarch Victor Prentice
    • AOC, the church under Metropolitan George Michael
    • AOCAC/THEOCACNA-Vladimir Synod, the church under Metropolitan Vladimir II
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