Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms

Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (simplified Chinese: 三国志注; traditional Chinese: 三國志注; pinyin: Sān Guó Zhì Zhù) by Pei Songzhi (372-451) is an annotation completed in the 5th century of the 3rd century historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms, compiled by Chen Shou. After leaving his native land, Pei Songzhi became the Gentleman of Texts under the Liu Song Dynasty, and was given the assignment of editing the book, which was completed in 429. This became the official history of the Three Kingdoms period, under the title Sanguozhi zhu (zhu meaning "notes"). He went about providing detailed explanations to some of the geography and other elements mentioned in the original. More importantly, he made corrections to the work, in consultation with records he collected of the period. In regard to historical events and figures, as well as Chen Shou's opinions, he added his own commentary. From his broad research, he was able to create a history which was relatively complete, without many of the loose ends of the original. Some of the added material was colourful and of questionable authenticity, possibly fictional. All the additional material made the book close to twice the length of the original.

List of texts used in Pei Songzhi's annotations

Official and private histories

TitleTranslationAuthor / CompilerNotesLocus of First Citation[note 1]
帝王世紀
Diwang Shiji
The Era of SovereignsHuangfu MiDeeds of emperors and kings since legendary times38.975, n 3
典略
Dianlüe
Yu HuanBelieved to be based on parts of Weilüe1.45, n 1
高士傳
Gaoshi Zhuan
Huangfu MiContains biographies of people from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors era to the Three Kingdoms period11.355
漢紀
Han Ji
Annals of HanYuan HongAnnalistic history of the Later Han2.57–8, n 3
漢紀
Han Ji
Annals of HanZhang Fan (張璠)Also known as Annals of the Later Han (後漢紀) May never have been completed.[note 2]1.3, n 2
漢晉春秋
Han Jin Chunqiu
Chronicles of Han and JinXi ZuochiRecords the history of Han Dynasty up to the Western Jin Dynasty1.20
漢書
Han Shu
Book of HanHua Qiao (華嶠)Hua Qiao was a grandson of Hua Xin. Records the history of the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Also known as Later Book of Han (漢後書). Not to be confused with the Book of Han by Ban Biao and his children.6.177
漢書注
Han Shu Zhu
Annotated Book of HanBan Gu and Ban Zhao; Ying Shao, annotationOfficial history of the Western Han Dynasty. Extant.1.36, n 5
漢魏春秋
Han Wei Chunqiu
Chronicles of Han and WeiKong Yan (孔衍)Historical record of the late Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty1.46, n 2
後漢書
Hou Han Shu
Book of the Later HanXie Cheng (謝承)Records the history of the late Han Dynasty. Not to be confused with Fan Ye's Book of the Later Han. Xie Cheng was a younger brother of Sun Quan's wife Lady Xie.1.6–7 n 5
華陽國志
Huayang Guo Zhi
Chronicles of HuayangChang QuRecords the history of Ba–Shu (巴蜀; present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) from the Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty32.875, n 2
交廣記
Jiaoguang Ji
Records of Jiao and Guang provincesWang Yin (王隱)Records the geographical history of Jiao and Guang provinces60.1385
晉惠帝起居注
Jin Huidi Qiju Zhu
Notes on Daily Life in Emperor Hui of Jin's TimeRecords about events in the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin8.262, n 2
晉泰始起居注
Jin Taishi Qiju Zhu
Notes on Daily Life in Taishi of JinRecords about events in the Taishi era (265-274) of the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin35.932–3
晉紀
Jin Ji
Annals of JinGan BaoRecords the history of the Western Jin Dynasty[1]3.145 n 1
晉書
Jin Shu
Book of JinWang Yin (王隱)Records the history of the Western Jin Dynasty. Co-written by Wang Yin's father Wang Quan (王銓). Not to be confused with the official history of the Jin Dynasty, the Book of Jin by Fang Xuanling et al.1.49, n 3
晉書
Jin Shu
Book of JinYu Yu (虞預)Yu Yu's Book of Jin is believed to have been plagiarised from correspondence with Wang Yin (王隱)[2]21.605–6
晉陽秋
Jin Yang Qiu
Sun ShengRecords the history of the Jin Dynasty up to Emperor Ai of Jin's time8.253, n 2
九州春秋
Jiuzhou Chunqiu
Annals of the Nine ProvincesSima BiaoRecords the history of the late Han Dynasty in ten fascicles1.4
九州記
Jiuzhou Ji
Records of the Nine ProvincesXun Chuo (荀綽)Divided into nine volumes, each covering one of the Nine Provinces.[note 3]11.336
靈帝紀
Lingdi Ji
Annals of Emperor LingLiu Ai (劉艾)Records about Emperor Ling of Han1.45, n 1
默記
Mo Ji
Records Written from MemoryZhang Yan (張儼)Records of Zhuge Liang and others35.935–6
三朝錄
San Chao Lu
Records of the Three DynastiesZhang Wen?[note 4]Information on Sun Lang (孫朗)51.1213; biography of Sun Kuang
三國評
San Guo Ping
Commentary on the Three KingdomsXu Zhong (徐眾)Commentary on events in the Three Kingdoms period7.237
史記
Shiji
Records of the Grand HistorianSima QianFirst complete history. Extant.19.568–9, n 2; biography of Cao Zhi[3]
世語
Shiyu
Accounts of this GenerationGuo Song (郭頒)Also known as Wei Jin Shiyu (魏晉世語). A particularly poor historical text.[note 5]1.2, n 3
蜀本紀
Shu Benji
Basic Annals of ShuQiao ZhouRecords about Liu Bei32.889, n 1
蜀記
Shu Ji
Records of ShuWang Yin (王隱)Records about the history of Shu18.547, n 2; biography of Pang De
通語
Tongyu
Complete AccountsYin Ji (殷基)Accounts of the beginnings of the Jin Dynasty44.1062, n 1
魏紀
Wei Ji
Annals of WeiYin Dan (殷澹)19.558, n 1; biography of Cao Zhi
魏略
Weilüe
Brief History of WeiYu Huan1.18
魏末傳
Wei Mo Zhuan
Records of the End of WeiRecords events that occurred near the end of the Wei state3.91, n 2
魏氏春秋
Wei Shi Chunqiu
Chronicles of the Ruling Family of WeiSun ShengRecords the history of Wei in chronological order1.18
魏書
Wei Shu
Book of WeiWang Chen, Xun Yi, Ruan JiCompiled after the fall of Wei1.1 n 1
吳紀
Wu Ji
Annals of WuHuan Ji (環濟)53.1247, n 4
吳歷
Wu Li
History of WuHu Chong (胡沖)2.89
吳錄
Wu Lu
Records of WuZhang Bo (張勃)37.954, n 2
吳書
Wu Shu
Book of WuWei Zhao1.11, n 1
吳志
Wu Zhi
Records of Wu1.6, n 3
獻帝春秋
Xiandi Chunqiu
Chronicles of Emperor XianYuan Wei (袁暐)[4]Records about Emperor Xian of Han.1.12
獻帝起居注
Xiandi Qiju Zhu
Notes on Emperor Xian's Daily LifeRecords the events in the reign of Emperor Xian of Han1.22, n 2
續漢書
Xu Han Shu
Continuation of the Book of HanSima BiaoRecords about the late Eastern Han Dynasty1.1–2

Government documents

TitleTranslationAuthor / CompilerNotesLocus of First Citation[note 1]
百官名
Baiguan Ming
Official PostsRegister of Officials during the Jin Dynasty12.390; biography of Sima Zhi (司馬芝)
禪晉文
Shan Jin Wen
On the Abdication to JinCao Wei court document outlining their position on the succession of power14.455 n 2; biography of Jiang Ji
太康三年地記
Taikang San Nian Diji
Land Survey of 282[note 6]Government survey of population and local conditions22.637 n 1; biography of Chen Qun
魏郊祀奏
Wei Jiaosi Zou
Memorandum on Wei's Biannual Nature SacrificeGovernment document of Cao Wei2.83
魏名臣奏
Wei Mingchen Zou
Memorials of Famous Ministers of WeiChen Shou[5]Compiled in the Zhengshi era (240–249) of the reign of Cao Fang.3.111–2
咸熙元年百官名
Xianxi Yuannian Baiguan Ming
Official Posts of the Opening Year of the Xianxi PeriodRegister of officials of Cao Wei in 26428.794
獻帝傳
Xiandi Zhuan
Biography of Emperor XianRecords about Emperor Xian of Han. Supplementary to Xiandi Ji. Contains memorials sent by various officials to Emperor Xian, urging the latter to abdicate in favour of Cao Pi.1.39–40, n 3

Individual, family, and group biographies

TitleTranslationAuthor / CompilerNotesLocus of First Citation[note 1]
邴原別傳
Bing Yuan Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Bing YuanRecords and letters of Bing Yuan (邴原) and associates11.351–4
曹瞞傳
Cao Man Zhuan
Biography of Cao ManRecords about Cao Cao's life prior to his rise to power1.1 n 1
曹志別傳
Cao Zhi Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Cao ZhiRecords about Cao Zhì (曹志), son of Cao Zhí19.577 n 2; biography of Cao Zhi
陳留耆舊傳
Chenliu Qijiu Zhuan
Biographies of the Seniors of ChenliuSu Lin (蘇林)[6]Contains biographies of people from Chenliu (陳留)24:683, n 2; biography of Gao Rou
陳氏譜
Chen Shi Pu
Chen Family GenealogyRecords about Chen Tai and his family22:641 n 2; biography of Chen Qun
程曉別傳
Cheng Xiao Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Cheng XiaoRecords about Cheng Xiao (程曉)14.431, n 2
楚國先賢傳
Chuguo Xianxian Zhuan
Biographies of the Departed Worthies of ChuContains biographies of people from Jing Province4.141
崔氏譜
Cui Shi Pu
Cui Family GenealogyRecords about Cui Lie (崔烈) and his family, the Cui clan of Boling35.911, n 3
杜氏新書
Du Shi Xinshu
Mr Du's New Book[note 7]History of the Du family. Also known as Du Shi Youqiu Xinshu (杜氏幽求新書).16.497; biography of Du Ji
費禕別傳
Fei Yi Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Fei YiRecords about Fei Yi44.1061, nn 1–3
顧譚傳
Gu Tan Zhuan
Biography of Gu TanLu Ji[note 8]Biography of Gu Tan52.1231, n 1
管輅別傳
Guan Lu Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Guan LuGuan Chen (管辰)Records about Guan Lu29.811; biography of Guan Lu
毌丘儉志記
Guanqiu Jian Zhi Ji
The Records of Guanqiu JianLikely an unofficial, family-style biography of Guanqiu Jian[7]3.112
郭林宗傳
Guo Linzong Zhuan
Biography of Guo LinzongBiography of Guo Tai (郭泰)22.648
郭氏譜
Guo Shi Pu
Guo Family GenealogyRecords about Guo Huai and his family26.734
漢末名士錄
Han Mo Mingshi Lu
Records of Famous People of the Late Han Dynasty6.192
胡氏譜
Hu Shi Pu
Hu Family GenealogyRecords about Hu Zhi (胡質) and his family27.741; biography of Hu Zhi
華佗別傳
Hua Tuo Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Hua TuoRecords about Hua Tuo29.802; biography of Hua Tuo
嵇康別傳
Ji Kang Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Ji KangJi Xi (嵇喜)21.606; Biography of Ji Kang
嵇氏譜
Ji Shi Pu
Ji Family GenealogyRecords about Ji Kang and his family20.583; biography of Cao Lin (曹林)
機雲別傳
Ji Yun Biezhuan
Unofficial Biographies of [Lu] Ji and [Lu] YunRecords about Lu Ji and Lu Yun (陸雲), sons of Lu Xun58.1360–1, n 2
家傳
Jia Zhuan
The Story of My FamilyCao CaoThe Cao family's background and lineage14.455 n 2; biography of Jiang Ji
江表傳
Jiang Biao Zhuan
Yu Pu (虞溥)Contains biographies of people from the Jiangnan region1.39–40
晉諸公贊
Jin Zhugong Zan
Appraisal of Officials of JinFu Chang (傅暢)Contains biographies of officials in the Wei and Jin courts4.138
孔氏譜
Kong Shi Pu
Kong Family GenealogyAbout Kong Yi (孔乂) and his family16.514–5; biography of Cang Ci
會稽典錄
Kuaiji Dianlu
Esteemed Records of KuaijiContains records of people from Kuaiji (會稽)46.1100, n 10
會稽邵氏家傳
Kuaiji Shao Shi Jia Zhuan
Genealogy of the Shao Family of KuaijiRecords about Shao Chou (邵疇) and his family48.1170–1
零陵先賢傳
Lingling Xianxian Zhuan
Biographies of the Departed Worthies of LinglingContains biographies of people from Lingling (零陵)6.216, n 5
劉氏譜
Liu Shi Pu
Liu Family GenealogyRecords about Liu Yi (劉廙) and his family21.617, n 4
劉廙別傳
Liu Yi Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Liu YuRecords about Liu Yi (劉廙)21.614–5, n 2
廬江何氏家傳
Lujiang He Shi Jia Zhuan
Genealogy of the He Family of Lujiang21.622, n 5
盧諶別傳
Lu Chen Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Lu Chen22.653
陸氏祠堂像贊
Lu Shi Citang Xiang Zan
Records about Lu Xun and his family58.1343
陸氏世頌
Lu Shi Shisong
Lu Family GenealogyRecords about Lu Xun and his family58.1343
陸遜銘
Lu Xun Ming
Obituary Inscription of Lu XunLu Ji[note 8]58.1349
潘尼別傳
Pan Ni Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Pan NiRecords about Pan Ni (潘尼)21.613, n 1
潘岳別傳
Pan Yue Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Pan YueRecords about Pan Yue (潘岳)21.613, n 1
裴氏家紀
Pei Shi Jia Ji
Pei Family GenealogyFu Chang (傅暢)42.1024, n 3
平原禰衡傳
Pingyuan Mi Heng Zhuan
Biography of Mi Heng of PingyuanLife and letters of Mi Heng and associates10.311, n 2
譜敘
Pu Xu
Discussion of the Genealogy[note 9]Hua Jiao (華嶠)Deeds of Hua Xin (華歆), family, and associates13.402, n 3
任嘏別傳
Ren Gu Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Ren GuRecords about Ren Gu (任嘏)27.748, n 6
汝南先賢傳
Runan Xianxian Zhuan
Biographies of Departed Worthies of RunanZhou Pei (周裴)[6]Contains biographies of people from Runan23.658; biography of He Qia
阮氏譜
Ruan Shi Pu
Ruan Family GenealogyAbout Ruan Wu (阮武) and his family16.508; biography of Du Shu (杜恕)
三輔決錄注
Sanfu Jue Lu Zhu
Annotated Selected Records of SanfuZhao Qi; Zhi Yu (摯虞), annotationRecords about people in the Sanfu area surrounding Guanzhong, Shaanxi1.50, n 2
山濤行狀
Shan Tao Xingzhuang
Records of Shan Tao (山濤)21.607
山陽公載記
Shanyang Gong Zaiji
Records of the Duke of ShanyangYue Zi (樂資)Anecdotes related to Liu Xie (劉協, Emperor Xian of Han)1.31, n 2
蜀世譜
Shu Shi Pu
Shu GenealogySun Sheng34.906, n 3
孫惠別傳
Sun Hui Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Sun HuiRecords about Sun Hui (孫惠)51.1211, n 3
孫氏譜
Sun Shi Pu
Sun Family GenealogyRecords about Sun Zi (孫資) and his family14.462
孫資別傳
Sun Zi Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Sun ZiRecords about Sun Zi (孫資)14.457–9, nn 1, 2, 4
王弼傳
Wang Bi Zhuan
Biography of Wang BiHe Shao (何劭)Biography of Wang Bi14.449, n 2
王朗家傳
Wang Lang Jia Zhuan
Wang Lang Family BiographiesAbout Wang Lang and his family13.407
王氏譜
Wang Shi Pu
Wang Family GenealogyProbably two separate documents,[note 10] one registering the Wang clan of Langye, the other recording the Wang clan of TaiyuanLangye: 24.679; biography of Cui Lin
Taiyuan: 27.744; biography of Wang Xu
魏世譜
Wei Shi Pu
Genealogy of WeiSun Sheng4.123, n 1
魏武故事
Wei Wu Gushi
Story of the Martial Emperor of Wei [Cao Cao]Records of people and events associated with Cao Cao1.18
文士傳
Wenshi Zhuan
Biographies of Scholars[note 11]Biographies of various people9.280; 10.312, n 2; biography of Xun Yu
吳質別傳
Wu Zhi Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Wu ZhiRecords about Wu Zhi21.609–610
先賢行狀
Xianxian Xingzhuang
The Background of Departed WorthiesBiographical information of various people including Xu Qiu (徐璆)1.30
獻帝記
Xiandi Ji
Records of Emperor Xian[note 12]Records about Emperor Xian of Han.1.13, n 2
襄陽記
Xiangyang Ji
Records of XiangyangXi ZuochiContains biographies of people from Xiangyang (present-day Xiangyang, Hubei)35.913, n 1
荀粲傳
Xun Can Zhuan
Biography of Xun CanHe Shao (何劭)Biography of Xun Can (荀粲)10.319–320
荀氏家傳
Xun Shi Jia Zhuan
Xun Family GenealogyRecords about Xun Yu, Xun You, and their family10.316, n 1
荀勗別傳
Xun Xu Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Xun XuRecords about Xun Xu10.332
荀彧碑文
Xun Yu Beiwen
Epitaph of Xun YuPan Xu (潘勗)Xun Yu's epitaph10.312, n 2; biography of Xun Yu
荀彧別傳
Xun Yu Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Xun YuRecords about Xun Yu10.315
逸士傳
Yishi Zhuan
Biographies of HermitsHuangfu MiStories of political recluses1.31, n 1
益部耆舊傳
Yi Bu Qijiu Zhuan
Biographies of the Seniors of the Yi Region[note 13]Contains biographies of people from Yi Province31.866, n 4
英雄記
Yingxiong Ji
Chronicles of Heroes and ChampionsWang CanAlso known as Han Mo Yingxiong Ji (漢末英雄記; Chronicles of Heroes of the Late Han Dynasty). Records about the warlords of the late Han Dynasty.1.6
虞翻別傳
Yu Fan Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Yu FanRecords about Yu Fan57.1317, n 3
庾氏譜
Yu Shi Pu
Yu Family GenealogyRecords about Yu Ni (庾嶷) and his family11.363, n 3
袁氏世紀
Yuan Shi Shiji
Annals of the Yuan FamilyRecords about Yuan Huan and his family11.334
趙雲別傳
Zhao Yun Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Zhao YunRecords about Zhao Yun36.948–9
鄭玄別傳
Zheng Xuan Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Zheng XuanRecords about Zheng Xuan4.142
鄭玄傳
Zheng Xuan Zhuan
Biography of Zheng XuanBiography of Zheng Xuan38.970; biography of Sun Qian
鍾會母傳
Zhong Hui Mu Zhuan
The Biography of My MotherZhong HuiBiography of Zhong Hui's mother28.784, .785–6
諸葛恪別傳
Zhuge Ke Biezhuan
Unofficial Biography of Zhuge KeRecords about Zhuge Ke64.1430, n 1
諸葛氏譜
Zhuge Shi Pu
Zhuge Family GenealogyRecords about Zhuge Liang and his family35.932, n 2

Encyclopoediae, dictionaries, and references

TitleTranslationAuthor / CompilerNotesLocus of First Citation[note 1]
博物記
Bowu Ji
[note 14]Encyclopoedia. Also contains deeds and legacy of Wang Can, Wang Kai (王凱), and of the descendants of Chen Shi.[8]11.339 n 1
博物志
Bowuzhi
Zhang HuaRecords about myths and legends, ancient history, natural science and miscellaneous things1.54, n 2
方言注
Fangyan Zhu
Yang Xiong; Guo Pu, annotationDictionary of topolectal terms40.996; 50.1197
風俗通義
Fengsu Tongyi
Ying ShaoExtant6.179, n 6
決疑要注
Jue Yi Yao Zhu
Annotated Guide to Dispelling DoubtsZhi Yu (摯虞)Contains information on the manufacture of jade ornaments21.599 n 3; biography of Wang Can
列女傳
Lienü Zhuan
Biographies of Exemplary WomenHuangfu MiExtant9.293
三蒼
Sancang
Guo Pu, annotationElementary educational text cited as a dictionary1.30
神異經
Shen Yi Jing
Classic of Spirits and OdditiesDongfang ShuoMythical places and creatures4.118; biography of Cao Fang
四體書勢序
Sitishu Shi Xu
Preface to Forms of the Four Modes of WritingWei Heng (衛恆)Calligraphic treatise1.31, n 1
序傳
Xu Zhuan
Prefaces to BiographiesSima BiaoErrata and corrigenda to biographies of the Three Kingdoms period and early Jin Dynasty1.49, n 3
異物志
Yiwu Zhi
Records of the BizarreYang Fu (楊孚)Mythological places and things4.117, n 2
志林
Zhilin
Forest of RecordsYu XiInformation about the various kinds of imperial seal46.1099, n 9

Poetry, essays, philosophy, and literature

TitleTranslationAuthor / CompilerNotesLocus of First Citation[note 1]
百一詩
Bai Yi Shi
Ying Qu (應璩)Poetry2.61–2
辨亡論
Bian Wang Lun
How Wu was LostLu Ji[note 8]Essay on the fall of Eastern Wu48.1179–82
抱朴子
Baopuzi
Ge HongDaoist classic. Extant.48.1162 n 2
曹公集
Cao Gong Ji
Lord Cao CollectionCompilation of the works of Cao Cao. Extant.38.970, n 2
陳思王集
Chen Si Wang Ji
Collected Works of Prince Si of Chen [Cao Zhi]Cao ZhiPoetry, letters, essays. Exant.2.76
從軍詩
Congjun Shi
EmbeddedWang CanPoetry in praise of Cao Cao's military prowess1.47
大墓賦
Da Mu Fu
Rhapsody on the Great TombLu Ji[note 8]Poetry[note 15]2.62
帝集
Di Ji
Collected Works of the EmperorCao MaoEssays4.138
典論
Dianlun
Cao Pi1.7, n 6
傅咸集
Fu Xian Ji
Collected Works of Fu XianFu Xian (傅咸)Compilation of the works of Fu Xian (傅咸)22.649
傅子
Fu Zi
Fu XuanEssays and poetry1.26
嵇康集
Ji Kang Ji
Collected Works of Ji KangJi KangPoetry and essays21.606; Biography of Ji Kang
家戒
Jia Jie
Family RulesDu Shu (杜恕)Records of Zhang Ge (張閣)11.354; biography of Bing Yuan
家誡
Jia Jie
Family RulesWang Chang (王昶)1.52
孔融集
Kong Rong Ji
Collected Works of Kong RongKong RongEssays, poetry, and memorials11.345–6
禮論
Lilun
Discussion on ProprietiesInformation on Xie Ci (謝慈)59.1374
列異傳
Lieyi Zhuan
Cao Pi?Collection of supernatural tales13.405
明堂論
Mingtang Lun
Cai YongMeta-exegesis4.142–3
潘岳集
Pan Yue Ji
Collected Works of Pan YuePan Yue (潘岳)Records the cognomina of members of the family of Yang Ji (楊暨)26.728
七略
Qi Lüe
Liu Xiang38.974
啓蒙注
Qi Meng Zhu
Gu Kaizhi3.104
啓事
Qishi
The Explanation of MattersShan Tao (山濤)Also known as Shan Gong Qishi (山公啓事)16.493, n 2; biography of Su Ze (蘇則)
神仙傳
Shenxian Zhuan
Stories of ImmortalsGe Hong32.891
聖主得賢臣頌
Shengzhu De Xianchen Song
Ode to the Sagely Ruler Obtaining a Talented MinisterWang Bao (王褒)Poetry42.1040, n 9; biography of Xi Zheng
書林
Shulin
Forest of DocumentsYing Qu (應璩)Records the cognomen of Zhan Qian (棧潛)25.719
蜀都賦
Shu Du Fu
Rhapsody on the Capital of ShuZuo SiPoetry38.975, n 2
說苑
Shuoyuan
Garden of StoriesLiu XiangHistorical and fictional stories.19.568, n 1; biography of Cao Zhi
搜神記
Soushen Ji
In Search of the SupernaturalGan Bao2.75–6, n 3
頭責子羽Zhang Min (張敏)14.461, n 3
萬機論
Wan Ji Lun
Jiang Ji (蔣濟)37.954, n 3
王朗集
Wang Lang Ji
Collected Works of Wang LangWang Lang13.411, n 2
魏都賦
Wei Du Fu
Wei Capital RhapsodyZuo SiOne of the Three Capitals Rhapsodies (三都賦)11.360
文章敘錄
Wenzhang Xulu
Xun Xu (荀勗)Also known as 雜撰文章家集敘 (Collected Analyses of Various Selected Authors)9.273, n 3
文章志
Wenzhang Zhi
Zhi Yu (摯虞)6.216, n 5
新論
Xin Lun
New DiscoursesHuan TanEssays42.1040, n 8
新序
Xin Xu
New PrefacesLiu XiangCollection of historical and fictional tales. Extant.21.614; biography of Liu Yi (劉廙)
楊都賦注
Yang Du Fu Zhu
Annotated Rhapsody on the Capital of YangYu Chan (庾闡)Poetry47.1148, n 1
姚信集
Yao Xin Ji
Collected Works of Yao XinYao Xin (姚信)Report praising Lu Yusheng (陸鬱生), daughter of Lu Ji (陸績)57.1329
異林
Yilin
Lu Yun's (陸雲) nephew13.396, n 3
異同雜語
Yitong Zayu
Miscellaneous Words on Similarities and DifferencesSun Sheng[note 16]1.3, n 2
袁子
Yuanzi[note 17]
Yuan Zhun (袁準)Essays20.591–2
越絕書
Yue Jue Shu
Stories about the ancient state of Yue, and its final king Goujian42.1039, n 4; biography of Xi Zheng
戰略
Zhanlüe
Military StrategySima Biao6.211–2, n 2
張超集
Zhang Chao Ji
Collected Works of Zhang ChaoZhang Chao (張超)Letter of recommendation for Yuan Yi (袁遺)1.7, n 6
仲長統冒言表
Zhongchang Tong Mao Yan Biao
Zhongchang Tong's Report on Brave SpeechMiao Xi (繆襲)Biography and reports of Zhongchang Tong (仲長統)21.620
諸葛亮集
Zhuge Liang Ji
Collected Works of Zhuge LiangChen ShouAlso known as Zhuge Family Collection (諸葛氏集). Compilation of the works and writings of Zhuge Liang.32.891

Correspondence

TitleTranslationAuthor / CompilerNotesLocus of First Citation[note 1]
馬先生序
Ma Xiansheng Xu
Introduction to Elder MaFu XuanLetter in paise of Ma Jun (馬鈞) of Fufeng29.807–8
untitled poem and responseCao Jia (曹嘉) and Shi Chong (石崇)20.587–8, n 2; biography of Cao Biao (曹彪)
untitled letterWang Biaozhi (王彪之)Letter to Yin Hao, advising him on a course of diplomacy21.618; biography of Liu Shao
untitled announcementWen Qin and Guanqiu JianAnnouncement of the righteousness of their rebellion against Sima Yi28.763–5; biography of Guanqiu Jian
untitled letterWen QinLetter enlisting the aid of Guo Zhun (郭准), who was inconveniently dead at the time28.766–7 biography of Guanqiu Jian
untitled announcementWen QinAnnouncement of surrender to Eastern Wu28.768; biography of Guanqiu Jian
untitled storiesGuo Chong (郭沖)Five dubious stories about Zhuge Liang[note 18]35.917–8, .921–2 n 5, .922–3 n 2, .926 n 2
untitled essayZhang ZhaoEssay on Ying Shao's policy regarding the taboo names of former monarchs52.1219–1220; biography of Zhang Zhao

Classics

Quoting classics was an inescapable reality of Chinese political and academic life as early as the Eastern Zhou period.[9] Pei Songzhi often cites classics in order to contextualize quotations made by speakers in Chen Shou's original text,[10] and occasionally to explain the philosophy or background behind a person's actions.[11] These works do not constitute historical sources for Pei Songzhi's purposes, but are included here for sake of completeness.

TitleTranslationAuthor / CompilerNotesLocus of First Citation[note 1]
春秋公羊傳解詁
Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan Jiegu
Exegesis of the Gongyang ZhuanGongyang Gao (公羊高); He Xiu (何休), annotationCommentary to the Spring and Autumn Annals. Extant.1.40, n 2; 5.161
春秋左氏傳集解
Chunqiu Zuo Shi Zhuan Jijie
Collected Exegesis of the Zuo ZhuanDu Yu, annotationRuist historical tradition of heterogenous origin[12] attached to the Spring and Autumn Annals. Extant.24.678; biography of Han Ji (韓暨)
管子
Guanzi
Deeds and philosophy of Guan Zhong, prime minister of the state of Qi who brought Duke Huan of Qi to the position of hegemony. Extant.2.60
國語
Guoyu
Sayings of the StatesWei Zhao, annotationSpeeches and rhetoric of the Eastern Zhou period. Extant.1.40, n 8
淮南子
Huainanzi
Philosophical and scientific encyclopoedia, usually classified as a Daoist text. Extant.42.1038
禮記注
Liji Zhu
Annotated Record of RitesZheng Xuan, annotationPrescriptive ritual text. Extant.3.108, n 2
論語
Lunyu
AnalectsKong QiuConfucian foundational text. Extant38.974
呂氏春秋
Lüshi Chunqiu
Mr Lü's Spring and Autumn AnnalsLü BuweiEncyclopoedia. Extant.2.82, n 2
孟子
Mengzi
MenciusMeng KeConfucian foundational text. Extant.24.682
尚書注
Shangshu Zhu
Annotated Book of DocumentsZheng Xuan, annotationRecords of persons, speeches, and events in the Western Zhou period. Extant.1.40, nn 3, 5, 6, 7
詩經
Shijing
Book of OdesPoetry of the Zhou culture, from the pre-dynastic period to the Eastern Zhou period. Extant.1.40, n 5
孫子兵法
Sunzi Bingfa
The Art of WarTreatise on military strategy and tactics. Extant.27.744; biography of Wang Xu
戰國策
Zhan Guo Ce
Strategies of the Warring StatesLiu XiangFictional tales and exercises in persuasive rhetoric.[note 19] Extant.21.615, n 3
莊子
Zhuangzi
Partially attributed to Zhuang ZhouDaoist foundational text. Extant.11.366

Texts of uncertain identity or disputable citation

TitleTranslationAuthor / CompilerNotesLocus of First Citation[note 1]
異同評
Yitong Ping
Commentary on Similarities and DifferencesSun Sheng[note 16]1.21–2, n 2
雜記
Zaji
Miscellaneous RecordsSun Sheng[note 16]1.5, n 2
異同記
Yitong Ji
Records of Similarities and DifferencesSun Sheng[note 16]35.933, n 2
晉書
Jin Shu
Book of JinGan BaoMay have referred to Gan Bao's Jin Ji, may have been a separate work.[note 20]3.94
辨道論
Bian Dao Lun
Cao ZhiRecords of contemporary Daoist masters Gan Shi (甘始), Zuo Ci, and Xi Jian (郤儉). Cited by Pei Songzhi as an independent work, now part of Chen Si Wang Ji.29.805–6
晉百官名
Jin Baiguan Ming
Official Posts of JinMay be the same work as Baiguan Ming16.493, n 2; biography of Su Ze (蘇則)
晉百官表
Jin Baiguan Biao
Report on Jin's Official PostsMay be the same work as Jin Baiguan Ming35.933, n 1
武帝百官名
Wudi Baiguan Ming
Official Posts Under the Martial Emperor [of Jin]Official register of government officials. May have been part of Baiguan Ming or Jin Baiguan Ming.[note 21]18.538, n 3; biography of Zang Ba
冀州記
Jizhou Ji
Records of Ji ProvinceXun Chuo (荀綽)Part of Jiuzhou Ji.[note 3]9.305, n 2
兗州記
Yanzhou Ji
Records of Yan ProvinceXun Chuo (荀綽)Part of Jiuzhou Ji.[note 3]16.508; biography of Du Shu (杜恕)
益州耆舊傳
Yizhou Qijiu Zhuan
Biographies of the Seniors of Yi Province[note 13]38.967, n 1
益州耆舊雜記
Yizhou Qijiu Zaji
Miscellaneous Records of the Seniors of Yi ProvinceBelieved to be an appendix or companion to Yi Bu Qijiu Zhuan.[note 22]31.867, n 1
耆舊
Qijiu
On SeniorsCited once underneath Yi Bu Qijiu Zaji, very likely an abbreviated reference to same45.1088
褒賞令
Baoshang Ling
Order on Appraisals and RewardsCao CaoPart of the Cao Gong Ji[note 23]1.23
立郊議
Li Jiao Yi
Deliberations Regarding the Establishment of the Biannual Nature SacrificeJiang JiRecords the epitaph of Cao Teng[note 24]14.455 n 2; biography of Jiang Ji
舊事
Jiu Shi
Old MattersThe careers of the sons of Wei Zi (衛茲)[note 25]22.649
孫綽評
Sun Chuo Ping
Sun Chuo's CritiquesSun ChuoEssays and commentary[note 26]42.1031
輔臣贊
Fu Chen Zan
In Praise of the Supportive MinistersYang Xi (楊戲)Records of politicians of Shu Han[note 27]37.956; Pang Tong
樂廣傳
Yue Guang Zhuan
Biography of Yue GuangXie Kun (謝鯤)Information on the activities and legacies of the descendants of Pei Qian[note 28]23.674; biography of Pei Qian
辛憲英傳
Xin Xianying Zhuan
Biography of Xin XianyingXiahou Zhan (夏侯湛)Biography of Xin Xianying, daughter of Xin Pi[note 29]25.699–700
陸芝銘
Lu Zhi Ming
Funerary Inscription for Lu ZhiXiahou Zhan (夏侯湛)Life and deeds of Lu Zhi (陸芝)[note 30]9.292
漢官儀
Han Guan Yi
Etiquette of the Officials of HanYing ShaoInformation on Han government procedures[note 31]46.1099, n 9

Other sources

Pei Songzhi occasionally quotes other historians without citing any book or document title. Sun Sheng, Gan Bao, and Xi Zuochi are especially common. These may have been marginal notes in Pei's copy of Records of the Three Kingdoms, or personal notes to which he had access. Rarely, Pei Songzhi will report hearsay without any attribution.[13]

Notes

  1. The references provided locate the first instance of the citation in Pei Songzhi's commentary, and for the vast majority of these sources, the reference can be understood to prepend an invisible "et passim". All are found in footnotes, whether or not a particular note is specified. The pagination follows the Zhonghua Publishing standard version, but the Dingwen Printing version (Taipei, 1977) uses identical pagination.
  2. Pei Songzhi suspected Zhang Fan's (張璠) Hou Han Ji was unfinished because of the poor quality of the writing. See Records of the Three Kingdoms, 4.133.
  3. Most historiographers (including Zhao Yi and Qian Daxin, 1700s; and Shen Jiaben, early 1900s) consider Jiuzhou Ji to have been a single work which included both Jizhou Ji and Yanzhou Ji. Wang Zuyi (王祖彝), in 1956, considered the work to have been nine separate volumes, and listed them as distinct works cited by Pei Zongzhi. See Gao Min, p 13.
  4. The historical bibliography in the Book of Sui does not record a San Chao Lu, but it does record a San Chao Lüe (三朝略), written by Zhang Wen. See Gao Min, 12.
  5. Although he quotes from it extensively, Pei Songzhi had serious reservations about Guo Song's (郭頒) Wei Jin Shiyu, calling it "lame, shallow, and wholly without rhythm". He decries the Shiyu as the poorest history he has consulted, and laments that its errors have passed through sourcing into the works of Sun Sheng and Gan Bao. See Records of the Three Kingdoms, 4.133
  6. The Book of Sui records a Yuankang San Nian Diji, which would be dated to 293 rather than 282. This may be the same record as quoted by Pei Songzhi. See Book of Sui, 33.984
  7. Shen Jiaben gives Du Du (杜篤) as the eponymous Mr Du; the Book of Sui gives Du Yi (杜夷). See Gao, p 18.
  8. Pei Songzhi cites a number of works written by Lu Ji, including Bian Wang Lun, Da Mu Fu, Lu Xun Ming, and Gu Tan Zhuan. A single collection of Lu Ji's works was available by the Liang Dynasty at the latest. See Book of Sui, volume 35, p 1063; Lu Ji Ji, preface, p 9. It is clear from his citation style that Pei Songzhi did not have access to a collection. When he does cite a collection by name (Cao Cao's Cao Gong Ji, or Cao Zhi's Chen Si Wang Ji, the collection is placed in the main table, while individual titles present in modern collections (Cao Cao's Bao Shang Ling, Cao Zhi's Bian Dao Lun) are placed in the second table to indicate uncertainty as to what title Pei Songzhi was citing. Since he never cites a collection of Lu Ji's works, all individual titles are placed in the main table to reflect the titles Pei Songzhi had available.
  9. It is unknown whose genealogy Hua Jiao narrates in his Pu Xu. Shen Jiaben suggested it was an independent genealogy of his own family. See Lu Yaodong, p 16.
  10. Gao Min reasons that based on the physical distance between the two Wang clans, and the fact that the Book of Sui records a family register of the Wangs of Taiyuan, the two instances in which Pei Songzhi cites Wang Shi Pu must have been citing two distinct documents. See Gao Min, 9.
  11. According to the biography of Cao Xiu, the author of Wenshi Zhuan was Zhang Yin (張隱); according to the biography of Xun Yu, the author was Zhang Heng; according to the biography of Wang Can, the author was Zhang Zhi (張騭). Editors of historical bibliographies have concluded that the author was most probably Zhang Zhi (張騭). However we have no chronologically close proof of authorship, nor indeed any strong indication that there was only a single book named Wenshi Zhuan in circulation, rather than two or three written by different authors surnamed Zhang. See Gao Min pp 13–14.
  12. Pei Songzhi does not name explicitly the compiler of Xiandi Ji. The Book of Sui gives Liu Fang (劉芳); modern scholars prefer Liu Ai (劉艾). See Gao, p 16.
  13. At its first reference, Pei Songzhi explicitly attributes Yi Bu Qijiu Zhuan to Chen Shou. However, he later attributes both an Yi Bu Qijiu Zhuan and Yi Bu Qijiu Zhi (志) to one Chen Shu (陳術). See Records of the Three Kingdoms, 42.1027, biography of Li Zhuan (李譔). According to the biography of Chen Shou in the Chronicles of Huayang, Chen Shu was a contributor to a Ba–Shu Qijiu Zhuan, which prompted Chen Shou to compile Yi Bu Qijiu Zhuan. It is also attributed to Chen Shou in the Book of Jin. The Book of Sui attributes Yi Bu Qijiu Zhuan to a Chen Changshou (陳長壽). See Gao Min (2007), p 14. Yizhou Qijiu Zhuan, cited by Pei Songzhi only once, may be identified with Yi Bu Qijiu Zhuan.
  14. The Bowu Ji may be identifiable with another work of Zhang Hua. See Gao Min, p 12.
  15. The text quoted by Pei Songzhi does not appear in the transmitted poem. See Records of the Three Kingdoms p 62; Collected Works of Lu Ji, pp 26–7.
  16. Pei Songzhi cites five similar titles of works compiled by Sun Sheng: Yitong Zaji, Zaji, Yitong Zayu, Zayu, and Yitong Ping. Of these, only Yitong Zayu appears in official bibliographies. Qian Daxin (1700s), Lin Guozan (林國贊; 1800s), and Shen Jiaben (early 1900s) treated the five titles as all referring to a single book, while Zhao Yi (1700s) took the opposite approach and considered treated the five titles as distinct works. Wang Zuyi (王祖彝; 1956) took Yitong Ping and Yitong Zayu to be two separate works, and the remaining three titles to refer to Yitong Zayu. Gao Min (2007) admits the possibility that all five titles refer to a single book, while raising the question of how the single scholar Pei Songzhi should come to cite the book by so many different monikers. Gao Min also quotes Sun Sheng's biography in the Book of Jin, which paints him as a prolific writer, in support of the theory that all five titles refer to distinct works. He advances a new theory, that Sun Sheng produced a work titled Yitong Ping, also referred to as Yitong Ji; and a work titled Zayu, also referred to as Zaji. He offers no explanation for Yitong Zayu, or why it should be the only title recorded by official bibliographies. See Gao Min, p 13. No theory is grounded in firm evidence.
  17. Probably refers to Yuanzi Zheng Lun (袁子正論), or Yuanzi Zheng Shu (袁子正書), the latter of which may have been a more complete version of the former. See Book of Sui, volume 34, p 998.
  18. Guo Chong's five stories on the deeds of Zhuge Liang are introduced in Records of the Three Kingdoms, 35.917. They are mentioned in the Shu Ji as being written essentially as propaganda to further Zhuge Liang's career. Pei Songzhi calls them "all dubious".
  19. For the nature of the Zhan Guo Ce, see Crump, pp 11–22, esp. p 15.
  20. The traditional view is that, since no Jin Shu by Gan Bao is recorded in official bibliographies, Gan Bao's Jin Shu as cited by Pei Songzhi must have been referring to Gan Bao's Jin Ji. Lin Guozan (林國贊) and Wang Zuyi (王祖彝) considered Gan Bao's Jin Shu to have been a separate work. Gao Min strengthens this claim by noting a paragraph in which Pei Songzhi cites both a Jin Shu and Jin Ji attributed to Gan Bao. There is not conclusive evidence to support one theory or the other (Records of the Three Kingdoms, 9.187, nn 1–2). Pei Songzhi uses language compatible with the possibility that Gan Bao and Sun Sheng, who were contemporaries, collaborated on a Jin Shu. See Records of the Three Kingdoms, 4.133; Gao Min, 13.
  21. Only Shen Jiaben and Gao Min consider Wudi Baiguan Ming to be a separate work, rather than a chapter of Jin Baiguan Ming or Baiguan Ming. See Gao, p 18.
  22. Yizhou Qijiu Zaji may be identifiable with Chen Shu's Yi Bu Qijiu Zhi or Xu (續) Yi Bu Qijiu Zhuan, listed without attribution in the Book of Sui. Gao Min, p 14
  23. Zhao Yi, Qian Daxin, and the editors of Records of the Three Kingdoms consider Baoshang Ling to be part of the Cao Gong Ji. Shen Jiaben, Wang Zuyi (王祖彝), and Gao Min consider it a distinct title. See Gao Min, p 16.
  24. The Book of Sui records a collection of works by Jiang Ji, but does not mention Li Jiao Yi by name. Gao Min raises the possibility that this document is part of the larger Wei Jiaosi Zou. See Gao Min, p 7.
  25. Only Shen Jiaben and Gao Min consider Jiu Shi to be a book title; Zhao Yi, Qian Daxin, Wang Zuyi (王祖彝), and the editors of the modern, punctuated Records of the Three Kingdoms read jiu shi as a common noun. If it is a book title, Jiu Shi may be identifiable with HanWeiWuShu Jiu Shi (漢魏吳蜀舊事) or JinSong Jiu Shi (晉宋舊事). See Gao Min, p 12.
  26. Pei Songzhi writes "孫綽評曰", which can be read as either "Sun Chuo critiqued, saying" or "Sun Chuo's Critiques say". Qian Daxin and Gao Min read the note in the latter fashion, proposing Sun Chuo's Critiques was part of his collected works, recorded in the Book of Sui as 晉衛尉卿孫綽集 (Collected Works of Sun Chuo, Chief Minister for the Palace Garrison of the Court of Jin). See Gao Min, 12. Zhao Yi, Shen Jiaben, Wang Zuyi (王祖彝), and the punctuators of the modern Records of the Three Kingdoms do not read the phrase in question as the title of a book.
  27. Pei Songzhi quotes from the Xiangyang Ji, which states the deeds of Pang Tong's brother Pang Lin (龐林) and his wife Xi Zhen (習禎) are related in a text named Fu Chen Zan. The note goes on to paraphrase their story, but it is unclear whether Pei Songzhi is paraphrasing this text or the paraphrase is present in the Xiangyang Ji.
  28. Pei Songzhi's reference to the Yue Guang Zhuan is beneath a citation from Jin Zhugong Zan, but Gao Min notes that the latter's compiler, Fu Chang (傅暢), predeceased at least one of the men discussed in the note, Pei Xian (裴憲), by a period of at least five years. Gao Min then goes on to undermine his own argument by stating that Xie Kun (謝鯤), author of the Yue Guang Zhuan, probably died a further four years prior to Fu Chang. See Gao Min, p 9.
  29. The quotation from Xin Xianying Zhuan is below a citation from the Shiyu. The punctuators of the modern Records of the Three Kingdoms, following Zhao Yi and Qian Daxin, have made it clear they believe Pei Songzhi was quoting Xin Xianying Zhuan as carried by the Shiyu. Shen Jiaben, Wang Zuyi (王祖彝), and Gao Min accept Xin Xianying Zhuan as a work cited by Pei Songzhi, rather than a work cited by one of his sources.
  30. Pei Songzhi simultaneously paraphrases from the funerary inscription of Lu Zhi (陸芝) and from Gan Bao's Jin Ji. The actual wording of the inscription is not directly quoted.
  31. Pei Songzhi does not cite Han Guan Yi directly, and only mentions in passing that it and Huangfu Mi's Diwang Shiji agree with Yu Xi's Zhilin on the matter of imperial seals.

References

  1. Gao Min, p 13, citing Lin Guozan (林國贊)
  2. Book of Jin, 82.2143, biography of Wang Yin
  3. Pei Songzhi quotes the Shiji here without attribution.
  4. Records of the Three Kingdoms, 1.12. In idem, 57.1337, Xiandi Chunqiu is attributed to Yuan Ye (袁曄). Some premodern versions attribute the work to Yuan Yan (袁黶); see Gao Min, pp 14 and 16.
  5. Book of Sui, 33.973
  6. Book of Sui, volume 33, p 974
  7. Gao Min, p 12
  8. Records of the Three Kingdoms, 22.642
  9. Schaberg, pp 234–5
  10. Records of the Three Kingdoms, 1.40, nn 2–8
  11. Records of the Three Kingdoms, 5.161
  12. On the origins of the Zuo Zhuan, see Schaberg, pp 322–3.
  13. For the first example of Pei Songzhi quoting a former historian directly, see 1.11 n 2. For an example of Pei Songzhi reporting hearsay, see 47.1144.

Bibliography

  • Crump, J.I., Jr., transl. Chan-Kuo Ts'e. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
  • Fang Xuanling inter al., eds. 晉書 (Book of Jin), 648. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing, 1974. 10 vols.
  • Gao Min (高敏), 《三國志》裴松之注引書考 ("Books Used by Pei Songzhi on Noting of History of the Three Kingdoms"). Journal of Henan University of Science and Technology (Social Science), 25.3 (June 2007), pp 5–21.
  • Lu Ji, 陸機集 (Collected Works of Lu Ji), Jin Taosheng (金濤聲), ed. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing, 1982.
  • Lu Yaodong (逯耀東), 裴松之三國志注引雜傳集釋 ("Collected Explanations of Various Biographies Cited in Pei Songzhi's Annotation of Records of the Three Kingdoms"). 台大歷史學報, 1 (May 1974), pp 1–18.
  • Pei Songzhi, 三國志注 (Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms). 429. Hong Kong: Zhonghua Publishing, 1971. 5 vols.
  • Qian Daxin, 廿二史考異 (Examination of Discrepancies in the Twenty-Two Histories). 1797. Cited in Gao.
  • Schaberg, David, A Patterned Past: Form and Thought in Early Chinese Historiography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.
  • Shen Jiaben, 沉簃籍先生遺書乙篇 (Mr Shen Yiji's Leftover Documents, Volume Two). 1910s. Cited in Gao.
  • Wang Zuyi (王祖彝), 三國志人名錄 (List of Personal Names in Records of the Three Kingdoms). Commercial Press, 1956. Cited in Gao.
  • Wei Zheng inter al., eds. 隋書 (Book of Sui), 636. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing, 1973. 6 vols.
  • Zhao Yi, 廿二史劄記 (Notebook of the Twenty-Two Histories). 1770s. Cited in Gao.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.