Balor

Balor was the son of Dot son of Néit according to the Cath Maige Tuired (CMT),[4] but called Balor son of Buarainech in the list of renowned rath- and castle-builders of the world, preserved in the Book of Leinster.[8][9][lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] Cethlenn was Balor's wife according to O'Flaherty's Ogygia (1685).[7] Cethlenn is mentioned by name in the Lebor Gabála Érenn (LGE), but not as a wife of Balor.[11]

The Mythological Cycle tells of a struggle between the divine Tuatha Dé Danann and the demonic Fomorians. At the behest of Bres, the Fomorians go to war against the Tuath Dé. Balor appears as champion of the Fomorians and king of the Isles (the Hebrides), while Indech mac De was the Fomorian king; the two of them leading the Fomorian army.[5][3] Balor built for Bres the fort of Rath Breisi in Connacht, according to the rath-builder list.[8][9]

In the ensuing battle, the second Battle of Mag Tuired, Balor kills the Tuath Dé king Nuada Airgetlám, but Balor is himself killed by his own grandson Lugh before he had a chance to use his destructive eye.[3][2] Balor's eye wreaked destruction when opened, unleashing some "power of poison",[lower-alpha 3] but it took the strength of four warriors to lift the eyelid, by grabbing the ring (handle) attached to it.[3][13] Lugh shot a sling-stone (Old Irish: cloch as a tábaill, "stone from the sling")[lower-alpha 4] at the eye, which came out the other side and harmed the Fomorian army. Balor's body then crushed 27 Fomorian soldiers, and his head touched the king, Indech.[3]

Though not stated outright, the supposition is that Balor here is a "one-eyed giant".[15] In one account of the battle, Lugh also killed a Fomorian leader named Goll (meaning "one-eyed"), who may be a duplication of Balor.[16] The CMT says that Balor's eye gained its baleful power from exposure to the fumes from the magic potion[17] his father's druids were brewing.[3][18] O'Curry tantalizingly stated he was in possession of a manuscript with an alternate explanation on how Balor got his power, but does not elaborate due to lack of space.[19]

Another description of Balor's death, dating from at least the 12th century, says he survived the loss of his eye and was chased by Lugh to Mizen Head. Lugh beheads Balor and sets the head on a large rock, which then shatters. This is said to be the origin of the headland's Irish name, Carn Uí Néit ("cairn of Nét's grandson").[1]

"Balor himself may have one, two or three eyes, one of which is poisonous, incendiary, or otherwise malignant; he may have two eyes in front, one each in front and back, an extra eye in the middle of his forehead. Lugh always puts the evil eye out", as summarized by Mark Scowcroft.[31]

In O'Donovan's version of the folktale above, Balor has one eye in the middle of the forehead, and a deadly eye on the back of his head. It is described as both venomous, and issuing some sort of petrifying beam with powers like unto a basilisk.[32][33] O'Curry deplored the dissemination of such a "peasantry" version, assisted by O'Donovan printing it.[19] This second eye in the back does not preclude comparison with the one-eyed Cyclops of Greek myth.[34]

In "Balor on Tory Island", Balor covers the eye in the middle of his forehead with nine leather shields, but Lugh (Lui Lavada "the Longhand") sends a red spear crafted by Gavidin Gow through all the layers.[25][lower-alpha 9]

It may be that this forehead eye should be interpreted an "extra eye in the middle of his forehead" (one of three) as Scowcroft puts it, otherwise Balor would be rendered blind most of the time. But Scowcroft does not specify the work he is alluding to. Balor is explicitly three-eyed in a version published by William Hamilton Maxwell.[36]

But another version of the folktale (from County Mayo) says that Balor was single-eyed, yet it was usually covered: "He had a single eye in his forehead, a venomous fiery eye. There were always seven coverings over this eye. One by one Balar removed the coverings. With the first covering the bracken began to wither, with the second the grass became copper-coloured, with the third the woods and timber began to heat, with the fourth smoke came from the trees, with the fifth everything grew red, with the sixth it sparked. With the seventh, they were all set on fire, and the whole countryside was ablaze!"[1]

According to a lay in Duanaire Finn, Balor's severed head being set in the fork of an oak, and that tree which absorbed the venom became the timber-wood made into the shield of Fionn mac Cumhaill.[37]

In "Balor on Tory Island" and the Irish text close to it, Lui Lavada (or Lugh) sets Balor's head on a rock, and a lake forms from the dripping pool of liquid. The Irish text does not specify location, but Curtin's tale in English Gweedore Loch (in County Donegal, local to the storyteller).[25][28]

But according to a piece of folklore from County Sligo, Balor was said to have a glass through which he would look to destroy a person with his eye. He used the glass to burn and wither all of the plants at Moytura, which prompted a hero to ask how he did this. Balor, being duped by the trick, removed the glass from his eye long enough for the hero to put the eye out. The blood running from Balor's eye[lower-alpha 10] created a lake called Suil Balra or Lochan na Súil (Lough Nasool, "lake of the eye"),[38] near Ballindoon Abbey.[39]

The placing of Balor's stronghold on Tory Island derives from the medieval literature, which places the Fomorians' stronghold there.[1] On Tory Island there are geological features called Dún Bhalair ("Balor's fortress") and Túr Bhalair ("Balor's tower"),[1] and a tall rock formation called Tór Mór ("great tower").[40]

Although the Tory Island version of the folktale printed by O'Donovan was influential, this may have misled the public with the impression that "Tory has almost a monopoly of Balor traditions", so argues Henry Morris.[21] O'Donovan said that Balor was remembered "throughout Ireland".[6] The Balor tales involving the magic cow were also being told plentifully elsewhere, particularly "South of Ulster". Morris stated he had collected "remnants" in Farney, Monaghan c. 1900, and that these versions connected Balor and the cow Glasgaivlen with places as far afield as "south Monaghan to Rockabill Island off the coast of Dublin".[21][lower-alpha 11]

The parallel between Balor and Ysbaddaden from Welsh mythology has been noted by several commentators, but for different reasons. Each is a giant whose eyelid takes several men to lift (using a ring handle vs. lifting with forks);[47] each has a spear cast at him and loses an eye;[48] and each is unwilling to give away his daughter to the bridal-quester.[49]

Since the mid-19th century, Balor has been likened to figures from Greek mythology, especially the Cyclops.[34] James O'Laverty noted the parallel with Acrisius, the King of Argos who was fated to be killed by his grandson, the hero Perseus.[50] This parallel has been pursued at length by others.[51]

O'Laverty also ventured that the name "Balor" may be linked to the name of the Greek hero Bellerophon.[50] Arbois de Jubainville argued that the name "Bellerophon" means "slayer of Belleros" and that this is another name for the Chimera. He asserts that both the Chimera and Balor are monsters that spew flame or thunderbolts.[52]

However, de Jubainville (and others) also seized on another comparison: between Balor and Argos the many-eyed watchman of the white cow Io. Since the destroyer of the former is Lugh, and of the latter is Hermes, this neatly fits into the framework of identifying the Celtic Hermes with Lugh.[53][54]

Krappe lists six elements that are found in other myths: the prophecy of being slain by his own descendant; the precaution of locking the daughter in a tower; the seduction of the daughter by a stranger, who needs to use magic to gain access; the birth of a boy and the attempt to drown him; the fostering of the boy, and the fulfillment of the prophecy by the boy killing his grandparent.[51]

Krappe drew parallel between Balor with the supposed Serbian vy mentioned by W. R. S. Ralston,[55] but unfortunately Krappe misreads Ralston and utterly confounds this "vy" with what is actually the "Aged One" character (or "old, old man", the witch's husband) in the Russian skazka Ivan Bykovich ("Ivan the Bull's Son").[58][59] In actuality, the heavy eyelid/eyebrow motif occurs in Ivan Bykovich,[57][56] but not specifically ascribed to the vy by Ralston.

Parallels have also been noted in the etymologies and mythic structures between Lugh's slaying of Balor and Loki's slaying of Baldr with additional etymological parallels noted between the theonyms Belenus and Belin (Slovenian deity).[60]