Barley Hall

The earliest parts of the building were constructed by Thomas de Dereford, prior of Nostell Priory, around 1360.[2] The priory was important in Yorkshire, and the monks used the building as a hospice, or townhouse when visiting the city.[2] By the 1430s, however, the priory had fallen on hard times and the monks decided to rent the building out to raise additional revenue.[2] Around this time there was new building work on the site, involving the poor-quality reconstruction of parts of the great hall.[2] In the 1460s the building was rented to William Snawsell, a prominent local goldsmith, who paid 53 shillings and 4 pence for the property. This was a very high rent for the period.[2] Snawsell was a supporter of Richard III during the troubled period of the Wars of the Roses and had given up the property by 1489.[2]

The priory was closed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries (1536-1541) and the later history of Barley Hall is less clear.[2] By the 17th century the building had been divided into smaller units, with part of it turned into an alleyway.[3] The once internal corridor is a shortcut from Stonegate to Swinegate and is still a public right of way.[4] By the Victorian era, the property had been subdivided into yet smaller units, partitioned by brick walls, and this pattern of use continued into the 20th century.[2] By the 1970s, the property was used by a local plumber as a storage unit and showroom.[2]

Barley Hall seen from the courtyard

By the early 1980s, the building was in a dangerously unsafe condition and was scheduled for demolition to make way for offices and apartments.[2] As part of this process, however, the medieval architecture of the building was rediscovered in 1980; the site was sold for redevelopment in 1984 and then purchased by the York Archaeological Trust in 1987 when a further process of archaeological investigation began to inform a decision on the final use of the site.[5]

The decision on what to do with the building proved controversial.[6] Its original wooden timbers had degraded significantly. Only 30% were still usable and the site had been extensively altered since the medieval period.[7] The Trust decided to reconstruct the building as it might have appeared in 1483, with the intention of converting it into a museum, naming it Barley Hall after the Trust's chairman, Professor Maurice Barley.[2] The post-medieval fabric of the building was largely destroyed and a new timber frame was built off-site and then moved into York over a ten-day period, a challenging operation due to the physical constraints of the immediate neighborhood.[8] Replica furniture and fittings were created for the property, based on an inventory made in 1478.[9] Supporters of the scheme, including English Heritage, viewed this as an attempt to produce an innovative way of presenting the past, similar to the Trust's work at the nearby Jorvik Viking Centre.[10] The care and accuracy of the work was praised and the new museum received a generally positive public reaction.[11]

Critics of the reconstruction raised concerns over the nature of the preservation work.[12] Academic Raphael Samuel noted that the restoration was heavily influenced by the late-20th century tradition of living history, in which "reinterpretation" gives way to "retrofitting", and where the past is "faked up to be more palatable than the here and now".[9] The chairman of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings critiqued the work as producing a replica, rather than a restored building, condemned the destruction of the later periods of the hall and noted that it was "another contribution to our Disneyland heritage".[6] Historian Sarah Beckwith suggests that York is now so heavily "museumized that very few of its features escape the construction of an imaginary and commodified past", a problem she argues is typified by Barley Hall.[13]