Belisha beacon

A Belisha beacon /bəˈliːʃə/ is an amber-coloured globe lamp atop a tall black and white pole, marking pedestrian crossings of roads in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and in other countries historically influenced by Britain such as Hong Kong, Malta, and Singapore. The beacons were named after Leslie Hore-Belisha (1893–1957), the Minister of Transport who, in 1934, added beacons to pedestrian crossings, marked by large metal studs in the road surface. These crossings were later painted in black and white stripes, thus are known as zebra crossings. Legally, pedestrians have priority (over wheeled traffic) on such crossings. In December 1941 a study was made into the cost effectiveness of melting down the 64000 Belisha beacon posts, to make munitions: a plan which threatened to “deprive the right hon. Member for Devonport (Mr. Hore-Belisha) of his last hope of immortality?” [1]

A Belisha beacon atop its striped pole. This example also features a spot lamp to illuminate the crossing at night.

In 1948, the Central Office of Information produced a short film which showed the correct way to use a pedestrian crossing (without the stripes at this time).[2]

LED Belisha beacon and illuminated post

Belisha beacons provide additional visibility to zebra crossings for motorists, primarily at night. The UK flash rate is 750 ms on, 750 ms off as per British Standard BS8442-2015, Para 12.[3] Some crossings are set so that each beacon flashes alternately to the other side, but they often fall out of synchronization over time. This has been overcome by the built-in synchronisation and high visibility features included in Belisha beacon patent GB2549455.[4]

High Visibility Belisha Beacon

GB Beacons with an outer ring of flashing amber LED lights, preferred for their brightness and low electricity consumption, are replacing traditional incandescent bulbs in many areas.

LED halo zebra crossing beacon

In 2015, the first solar powered Belisha beacon requiring no mains cabling was introduced using energy-saving technology in patent GB2519445.[5]

Some of the crossings have plastic poles that are translucent, and lit internally. This is immediately apparent in dull weather and at night. The clearly illuminated white sections announce the presence of the poles carrying the amber beacons, increasing the visibility of the crossings to all road users.

To be legally compliant, every zebra crossing must be equipped with two Belisha beacons. In the UK, in cases where there is a traffic island or central reservation in the road, the traffic authority can opt whether to place one or more beacons centrally.[6]

Since the introduction of new regulations in 1997, the number of zebra crossings and Belisha beacons has fallen in the northern counties of England, being replaced by pelican crossings or puffin crossings, with pedestrian-controlled traffic signals; a waiting pedestrian can stop vehicular traffic by pressing a button and waiting for the pedestrian signal of a red and green man to change to green. The green man can be accompanied by a green bicycle to indicate that the crossing is designated for pedestrians and cyclists; continuing the bird-name theme, this type of crossing is called a toucan crossing, as in, 'two can' cross. Another variation is the pegasus crossing where the pedestrian is accompanied by a green horse to indicate that the crossing is designated for pedestrians and horses, for example, at Hyde Park Corner, London.

The first Belisha beacons were erected in the London authorities areas and, following the Road Traffic Act 1934, were rolled out nationally in 1935.[7]

Outside the United Kingdom
A zebra crossing outfitted with Belisha beacons in Hong Kong.
Example of Belisha beacons at a zebra crossing in Singapore.

Australia

In Australia, recent years have seen a proliferation of various kinds of beacons and bollards, illuminated, reflective or otherwise designed for high visibility at pedestrian crossings, to which the name Belisha or "Bellisher" is occasionally erroneously applied. These high-visibility crossing markers are often placed on refuge islands in the middle of the road, in addition to or instead of at the roadside. Many of these new crossings are signposted that pedestrians must give way to traffic.

Brisbane briefly had a small number of Belisha beacon marked crossings in the late 1960s and early 1970s, but the majority of Australian crossings are zebra crossings marked by large yellow circular signs bearing a walking legs symbol.

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, Belisha beacons are required by the Transport Department of Hong Kong at all unsignalized crossings, except for pedestrian crosswalks at entrances and exits at expressway crossings.

Ireland

In Ireland, Belisha beacons are usually accompanied by much higher visibility dual flashing amber traffic lights on either side. Some zebra crossings have only these rather than Belisha beacons.

New Zealand
NZ Transport Agency diagram for a Belisha beacon device in New Zealand

Outside of the UK, Belisha beacons are perhaps most prominent in New Zealand, where they are required at all marked pedestrian crossings. Traffic regulations require a controlling authority to erect on each pole indicating the presence and position of a pedestrian crossing either an internally illuminated amber globe not less than 300 mm in diameter, which has a lamp that provides 40 to 60 flashes per minute, or a 400 mm diameter fluorescent orange disk. The pole must be erected within 2 metres of each end of a crossing. The poles must be not less than 75 mm in diameter and not less than 2 metres in height, and must be clearly painted with alternate parallel bands of black and of white, each having a width of approximately 300 mm. Disks are a relatively new addition as a replacement for illuminated globes, having only become prominent since the 1990s.

Poland

Belisha beacons were uncommon, but the Highway Code allowed for using them up until the early 1960s.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, Belisha beacons were used from 1957 to 1962 to indicate that pedestrians had the right of way on a particular crossing. In 1962, a law was passed that extended this to all zebra crossings and the beacons were removed.

Singapore

In Singapore, all zebra crossings are marked by Belisha beacons.[8]

France and Spain
French street light with two amber flashing lights on its sides

In France and Spain, a small number of pedestrian crossings are illuminated by special lamp posts that have flashing amber lights on their sides that play the same role as Belisha beacons.

Liberia

Belisha beacons ranged all over Liberian zebra crossings from 1960 to 2010 and some were still in use from 2010 to 2013.

Card game

In the 1930s, there was a popular card game based on road safety that was called Belisha. It featured pictures of road scenes and a few notable places like Gretna Green and Robin Hood's Well. The gameplay was based on the game Rummy.

References
  1. https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1941-12-02/debates/3d96b146-afde-487c-be76-0791b7a1fa4a/MunitionsProduction(BelishaBeacons)
  2. "Public Information Films | 1945 to 1951 | Film index | Pedestrian Crossing". Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  3. British Standard BS8442-2015, para 12
  4. High Visibility Belisha Beacon Patent No: GB2549455 - owner Ticknall Solar Ltd
  5. Solar Power Belisha Beacon Patent No: GB2519445 - owner Ticknall Solar Ltd
  6. The Zebra, Pelican and Puffin Pedestrian Crossings Regulations and General Directions 1997. Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  7. "ZEBRA CROSSING NEAR ABBEY ROAD STUDIOS - 1396390". Historic England. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  8. "ONE.MOTORING - Pedestrian Crossing Signs Attached to Existing Flashing Beacons". www.onemotoring.com.sg. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
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