Bergelmir (moon)

Bergelmir
	Bergelmir imaged by the Cassini spacecraft in September 2014
Discovery
Discovered by	S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt,; J. Kleyna, and B. Marsden
Discovery date	May 4, 2005
Designations
Designation	Saturn XXXVIII
Pronunciation	/ˈbɛərjɛlmɪər/ or /ˈbɜːrɡəlmɪər/[1]
Named after	Bergelmir
Alternative names	S/2004 S 15
Adjectives	Bergelmian[2]
Orbital characteristics
Semi-major axis	19,338,000 km[3]
Eccentricity	0.142[3]
Orbital period	1,006.659 d[4]
Inclination	158.5°[3]
Satellite of	Saturn
Group	Norse group
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter	5+50%; −30% km[4]
Rotation period	8.13±0.09 h[4]

Bergelmir or Saturn XXXVIII (provisional designation S/2004 S 15) is a natural satellite of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 9, 2005.

Bergelmir is about 6 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,372 Mm in 1006.659 days, at an inclination of 157° to the ecliptic (134° to Saturn's equator), in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.152. Its rotation period is 8.13±0.09 hours.[4]

It was named in April 2007 after Bergelmir, a giant from Norse mythology and the grandson of Ymir, the primordial giant. Bergelmir and his wife alone among their kind were the only survivors of the enormous deluge of blood from Ymir's wounds when he was killed by Odin and his brothers at the dawn of time. Bergelmir then became the progenitor of a new race of giants.

References

The 'g' has a 'y' sound in Norse (indeed gelmir sounds like what it means in English, 'yeller'), but a spelling pronunciation would have it as 'g', as 'Aurgelmir' does in Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature (1995).
The oblique stem of the name is Bergelmi, as in Modern Norwegian Bergelme. The -r is the nominative case ending.
Ma, Yuehua; et al. (2010). "On the Origin of Retrograde Orbit Satellites around Saturn and Jupiter". Icy Bodies of the Solar System, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, IAU Symposium. 263: 157–160. Bibcode:2010IAUS..263..157M. doi:10.1017/S1743921310001687.
Denk, T.; Mottola, S. (2019). Cassini Observations of Saturn's Irregular Moons (PDF). 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Lunar and Planetary Institute.

External links

Institute for Astronomy Saturn Satellite Data
Jewitt's New Satellites of Saturn page
IAUC 8523 – New Satellites of Saturn, Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, May 4, 2005 (discovery)
MPEC 2005-J13: Twelve New Satellites of Saturn May 3, 2005 (discovery and ephemeris)
IAUC 8826 – Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn, Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, April 5, 2007 (naming the moon)

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[1] The 'g' has a 'y' sound in Norse (indeed gelmir sounds like what it means in English, 'yeller'), but a spelling pronunciation would have it as 'g', as 'Aurgelmir' does in Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature (1995).

[2] The oblique stem of the name is Bergelmi, as in Modern Norwegian Bergelme. The -r is the nominative case ending.

[Ma2010-3] Ma, Yuehua; et al. (2010). "On the Origin of Retrograde Orbit Satellites around Saturn and Jupiter". Icy Bodies of the Solar System, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, IAU Symposium. 263: 157–160. Bibcode:2010IAUS..263..157M. doi:10.1017/S1743921310001687.

[LPSC2654-4] Denk, T.; Mottola, S. (2019). Cassini Observations of Saturn's Irregular Moons (PDF). 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Lunar and Planetary Institute.

Moons of Saturn
Listed in approximately increasing distance from Saturn as of epoch JD 2459200.5.
Ring shepherds	S/2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus Pandora
Co-orbitals	Epimetheus Janus
G Ring	Aegaeon
Alkyonides	Methone Anthe Pallene
Inner large (with trojans)	Mimas Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces
Outer large	Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus
Inuit group (7)	Kiviuq Ijiraq Paaliaq S/2004 S 29 S/2004 S 31 Tarqeq Siarnaq
Norse group (46)	Phoebe Skathi S/2004 S 37 S/2007 S 2 Skoll Hyrrokkin Greip Mundilfari S/2004 S 13 (?) S/2006 S 1 S/2007 S 3 (?) Suttungr S/2004 S 20 Jarnsaxa Narvi Bergelmir Hati S/2004 S 17 (?) S/2004 S 12 (?) S/2004 S 27 Farbauti Thrymr Bestla S/2004 S 7 (?) Aegir S/2004 S 30 S/2004 S 22 S/2004 S 25 S/2004 S 32 S/2004 S 23 S/2006 S 3 S/2004 S 35 Kari S/2004 S 28 Loge S/2004 S 38 Fenrir Ymir Surtur S/2004 S 33 S/2004 S 21 S/2004 S 39 S/2004 S 36 Fornjot S/2004 S 34 S/2004 S 26
Gallic group (4)	Albiorix Bebhionn Erriapus Tarvos
Prograde outer satellites	S/2004 S 24
Rings of Saturn Cassini–Huygens Themis Chiron S/2004 S 6 S/2004 S 4 S/2004 S 3 In fiction

Saturn
Outline of Saturn
Geography	Dragon Storm Great White Spot Hexagon Magnetosphere Rings
Moons	S/2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus S/2004 S 6 S/2004 S 4 S/2004 S 3 Pandora Epimetheus Janus Aegaeon Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Kiviuq Ijiraq Phoebe Paaliaq Skathi S/2004 S 37 Albiorix S/2007 S 2 S/2004 S 29 Bebhionn Erriapus Skoll S/2004 S 31 Siarnaq Tarqeq S/2004 S 13 Greip Hyrrokkin Jarnsaxa Tarvos Mundilfari S/2006 S 1 S/2004 S 17 Bergelmir Narvi S/2004 S 20 Suttungr Hati S/2004 S 12 S/2004 S 27 Farbauti Thrymr S/2004 S 30 Aegir S/2007 S 3 Bestla S/2004 S 7 S/2004 S 22 S/2004 S 23 S/2004 S 25 S/2004 S 32 S/2006 S 3 S/2004 S 38 Fenrir S/2004 S 28 Surtur Kari S/2004 S 35 Ymir S/2004 S 21 S/2004 S 24 Loge S/2004 S 36 S/2004 S 39 S/2004 S 33 S/2004 S 34 Fornjot S/2004 S 26
Astronomy	Delta Octantis Saturn-crossing minor planets
Exploration	Cassini–Huygens (Huygens) timeline retirement Pioneer 11 Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2
Related	Fiction Moons The Day the Earth Smiled In Saturn's Rings (2018 documentary)