Jötunn

In Norse mythology, a jötunn or, in the normalised scholarly spelling of Old Norse, jǫtunn (/ˈjɔːtʊn/;[1] plural jötnar/jǫtnar) is a type of entity contrasted with gods and other figures, such as dwarfs and elves. The entities are themselves ambiguously defined, variously referred to by several other terms, including risi, thurs and troll.

"Frost giant" redirects here. For other uses, see Frost Giant (disambiguation).
The jötunn Hyrrokkin, described in Gylfaginning as riding on a wolf with vipers as reins, is believed to be depicted on this 10th-century picture stone from the Hunnestad Monument
A bergrisi ("mountain giant")—the traditional protector of southwestern Iceland—appears as a supporter on the coat of arms of Iceland.

Although the term giant is sometimes used to gloss the word jötunn and its apparent synonyms in some translations and academic texts, jötnar are not necessarily notably large and may be described as exceedingly beautiful or as alarmingly grotesque.[2] Some deities, such as Skaði and Gerðr, are themselves described as jötnar, and various well-attested deities, such as Odin, are descendants of the jötnar.

Norse myth traces the origin of the jötnar to the proto-being Ymir, a result of growth or sexless reproduction from the entity's body. Ymir is later killed, his body is dismembered to create the world, and the jötnar survive this event by way of sailing through a flood of Ymir's blood. The jötnar dwell in Jötunheimr. In later Scandinavian folklore, the ambiguity surrounding the entities gives way to negative portrayals.

Etymology
"Eotenas", as they were called by the anonymous author of Beowulf

Old Norse jötunn (also jǫtunn) and Old English eoten developed from the Proto-Germanic masculine noun *etunaz.[3] Philologist Vladimir Orel says that semantic connections between *etunaz with Proto-Germanic *etanan makes a relation between the two nouns likely.[3] Proto-Germanic *etanan is reconstructed from Old Norse etall "consuming", Old English etol "voracious, gluttonous", and Old High German filu-ezzal "greedy".[3] Old Norse risi and Old High German riso derive from the Proto-Germanic masculine noun *wrisjon. Orel observes that the Old Saxon adjective wrisi-līke "enormous" is likely also connected.[4]

Old Norse þurs, Old English ðyrs, and Old High German duris "devil, evil spirit" derive from the Proto-Germanic masculine noun *þur(i)saz, itself derived form Proto-Germanic *þurēnan, which is etymologically connected to Sanskrit turá- "strong, powerful, rich".[5] Several terms are used specifically to refer to female entities that fall into this category, including íviðja (plural íviðjur) and gýgr (plural gýgjar).

Attestations

The jötnar are frequently attested throughout the Old Norse record. For example, in a stanza of Völuspá hin skamma (found in the poem "Hyndluljóð"), a variety of origins are provided: völvas are descended from Viðòlfr, all seers from Vilmeiðr, all charm-workers from Svarthöfði, and all jötnar descend from Ymir.[6]

  • Jötunn appear with human disguises in the third season of The Librarians.
  • The Jutul family are jötunn masquerading as humans in the Norwegian-language drama Ragnarok.
  • A jötunn appears in the 2017 film The Ritual, depicted as a bastard son of Loki and worshiped as a god.
  • A depiction of jötunn as a weapon appears in Bungie's video game Destiny 2.
  • Jötnar appear in the episode 306 of the manga Berserk as part of the astral races that appeared after the merging of the physical world and astral world, being defeated by the new Band of the Falcon in the following episode.
  • The jötnar are frequently mentioned in the 2018 video game God of War.
  • Jötnar are frequently depicted in the Danish comic series Valhalla, created by Henning Kure and Peter Madsen, based on the Norse myths and starring the gods.
  • Jötnar are an enemy faced in the 2020 video game Assassin's Creed: Valhalla.
  • Jötnar are found in the 2020 adventure game Röki where they appear as giant animal guardians.

See also

Citations
  1. "Jotun". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  2. Some translators of the Poetic Edda do not render the word jötunn to giant. For example, in the Foreword to Jeramy Dodds's translation of the Poetic Edda, Terry Gunnell says that jötnar is "sometimes wrongly translated as 'giants'" and instead uses jötunns. (Dodds 2014:9).
  3. Orel (2003:86).
  4. Orel (2003:472).
  5. Orel (2003:429–430).
  6. Bellows (1923:229) and Thorpe (1866:111).

General references
  • Bellows, Henry Adams (trans.) (1936). The Poetic Edda. Princeton University Press. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.
  • Dodds, Jeramy (trans.) (2014). The Poetic Edda. Coach House Books. ISBN 978-1552452967.
  • Orel, Vladimir (2003). A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Brill. ISBN 9004128751
  • Thorpe, Benjamin (trans.) (1866). Edda Sæmundar Hinns Frôða: The Edda of Sæmund the Learned. Part I. London: Trübner & Co.
  • Media related to Jötnar at Wikimedia Commons
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