Bistrița

Bistrița (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈbistrit͡sa] (listen); German: Bistritz, archaic Nösen,[3] Transylvanian Saxon: Bästerts, Hungarian: Beszterce) is the capital city of Bistrița-Năsăud County, in northern Transylvania, Romania. It is situated on the River Bistrița. The city has a population of approximately 70,000 inhabitants, and it administers six villages: Ghinda (Windau; Vinda), Sărata (Salz; Sófalva), Sigmir (Schönbirk}; Szépnyír), Slătinița (Pintak; Pinták), Unirea (Wallendorf; Aldorf) and Viișoara (Heidendorf; Besenyő).

Bistrița
Coat of arms
Location in Bistrița-Năsăud County
Bistrița
Location in Romania
Coordinates: 47°8′N 24°30′E
Country Romania
CountyBistrița-Năsăud
Government
  MayorIoan Turc[1] (PNL)
Area
145.47 km2 (56.17 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)[2]
75,076
  Density520/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)
Vehicle reg.BN
Websitewww.primariabistrita.ro

Etymology

The town was named after the Bistrița River, whose name comes from the Slavic word bystrica meaning 'fast-moving water'.

History

The earliest sign of settlement in the area of Bistrița is in Neolithic remains. The Turkic Pechenegs settled the area in 12th century following attacks of the Cumans. Transylvanian Saxons settled the area in 1206 and called the region "Nösnerland". A large part of settlers were fugitives, convicts and poor people looking for lands and opportunities.[4] The destruction of Markt Nosa ("Market Nösen") under the Mongols of central Europe is described in a document from 1241. Situated on several trade routes, Bistrița became a flourishing medieval trading post.

Bistrița became a free royal town in 1330. In 1353, King Louis I of Hungary granted the town the right to organize an annual 15-day fair on Saint Bartholomew day, as well as a seal containing the coat of arms of an ostrich with a horseshoe in its beak. The town developed markets throughout Moldavia, and its craftsmen travelled extensively. It was given the right to be surrounded by defensive walls in 1409. In 1465, the city's fortifications had 18 defensive towers and bastions defended by the local guilds. It was also defended by a Kirchenburg, or fortified church. In 1713 the Romanian population was expelled by the Saxon magistrates, but they returned later. The town was badly damaged by fire five times between 1836 and 1850.[5] The church suffered from fire in 1857, when the tower's roof and the bells were destroyed. The roof was rebuilt after several years. Fires in the nineteenth century also destroyed much of the city's medieval citadel.

A Jewish community developed in Bistrița after the prohibition on Jewish settlement there was lifted in 1848,[6] organizing itself in the 1860s. The synagogue, consecrated in 1893, is among Transylvania's largest and most impressive.[7] The community was Orthodox with a strong Hasidic section, but there were also Jews who adopted German and Hungarian culture. A Zionist youth organization, Ivriyah, was founded in Bistrița in 1901 by Nissan Kahan, who corresponded with Theodor Herzl and there was significant support for the Zionist movement in the town between the two world wars.[6] A large yeshivah flourished under the direction of the rabbi of Bistrița, Solomon Zalman Ullmann, between 1924 and 1942.[6][7] In World War I, 138 Bistrița Jews were conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army; 12 were killed in action.[7]

The city was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918. On December 1 that year, Transylvania united with Romania, and Romanian Army troops entered Bistrița on December 5.[8]

World War II

In the wake of the Second Vienna Award (1940), the city reverted to the Kingdom of Hungary.[6] During the war, the Hungarian authorities deported several dozen Jewish families in 1941 from Bistrița to Kamenets-Podolski to the Galician area of the occupied Ukraine, where they were killed by Hungarian soldiers. The Jews of Bistrița, as elsewhere in Hungary, were subjected to restrictions, and Jewish men of military age were drafted for forced labor service. In May 1944, the Jewish population was forced into the Bistrița ghetto, set up at Stamboli Farm, about two miles from the city. The ghetto consisted of a number of barracks and pigsties. At its peak, the ghetto held close to 6,000 Jews, including those brought in from the neighboring communities in Beszterce-Naszód County. Among these were the Jews of Borgóbeszterce, Borgóprund, Galacfalva, Kisilva, Marosborgó, Nagyilva, Nagysajó, Naszód, Óradna, and Romoly. The ghetto was liquidated with the deportation of its inhabitants to Auschwitz in two transports on June 2 and 6, 1944.[6][9]

After King Michael's Coup of August 1944, Romania switched sides to the Allies. By October of that year, Romanian and Soviet troops gained control of all of Northern Transylvania, which was reintegrated into Romania after World War II.

Recent events

On June 11, 2008, the tower and roof of the church caught fire when three children who went to steal copper set it on fire while playing.[10] The main part of the church suffered just a little damage and is not in much danger, the interior being intact. It is speculated that both bells residing in the tower (one dating from the 15th century, the other from the 17th) might have melted.

Climate

Climate data for Bistrița
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.2
(55.8)
17.8
(64.0)
25.3
(77.5)
27.9
(82.2)
31.1
(88.0)
34.0
(93.2)
35.2
(95.4)
34.9
(94.8)
32.0
(89.6)
27.1
(80.8)
21.6
(70.9)
15.1
(59.2)
35.2
(95.4)
Average high °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8)
3.0
(37.4)
9.3
(48.7)
15.7
(60.3)
20.7
(69.3)
23.2
(73.8)
24.7
(76.5)
24.6
(76.3)
21.0
(69.8)
15.4
(59.7)
8.0
(46.4)
1.8
(35.2)
13.9
(57.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.0
(23.0)
−2.1
(28.2)
3.1
(37.6)
9.1
(48.4)
14.3
(57.7)
17.0
(62.6)
18.3
(64.9)
17.6
(63.7)
13.5
(56.3)
8.0
(46.4)
3.2
(37.8)
−1.8
(28.8)
7.9
(46.2)
Average low °C (°F) −9.6
(14.7)
−6.1
(21.0)
−1.6
(29.1)
3.5
(38.3)
7.9
(46.2)
11.0
(51.8)
12.2
(54.0)
11.7
(53.1)
8.0
(46.4)
3.0
(37.4)
−0.4
(31.3)
−5.2
(22.6)
2.9
(37.2)
Record low °C (°F) −33.8
(−28.8)
−33.2
(−27.8)
−22.0
(−7.6)
−5.7
(21.7)
−3.0
(26.6)
0.3
(32.5)
3.2
(37.8)
2.4
(36.3)
−4.6
(23.7)
−9.0
(15.8)
−24.0
(−11.2)
−26.6
(−15.9)
−33.8
(−28.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 46
(1.8)
31
(1.2)
34
(1.3)
57
(2.2)
76
(3.0)
97
(3.8)
87
(3.4)
68
(2.7)
43
(1.7)
41
(1.6)
47
(1.9)
50
(2.0)
677
(26.7)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 13.9
(5.5)
14.3
(5.6)
9.8
(3.9)
2.0
(0.8)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
3.5
(1.4)
3.8
(1.5)
7.2
(2.8)
54.5
(21.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9 8 7 9 11 12 10 8 7 6 9 11 107
Mean monthly sunshine hours 67.3 92.8 147.9 171.1 225.9 232.5 259.6 258.0 196.3 167.5 78.3 48.8 1,946
Source: NOAA[11]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1891 9,100    
1900 12,155+33.6%
1912 13,236+8.9%
1930 14,128+6.7%
1941 16,282+15.2%
1948 15,801−3.0%
1956 20,292+28.4%
1966 25,519+25.8%
1977 44,339+73.7%
1992 87,710+97.8%
2002 81,467−7.1%
2004 82,400+1.1%
2011 75,076−8.9%
Source: Census data, Encyclopedia Judaica

According to the census from 1910, from 13,236 inhabitants 5,835 were German (44%), 4,470 Romanian (33.77%), 2,824 Hungarian (21.33%).[12]

According to the last census, from 2011, there were 75,076 people living within the city of Bistrița,[13] making it the 30th largest city in Romania. The ethnic makeup was as follows:

Prior to World War II there was a sizable Jewish community living in the town. In 1891, 718 of the 9,100 inhabitants (8%) were Jews; in 1900 (11%) and 2,198 (16%) in 1930.[14] In 1941 there are 2,358 (14%).[14] In 1947 1,300 Jews resettled in Bistrița, including survivors from the extermination camps, former residents of neighboring villages, and others liberated from the Nazi concentration camps.[14] Given continuing discrimination and unfavorable political conditions, the Jewish population declined steadily as a result of emigration to Israel, the United States, and Canada. By 2002, only about 15 Jews lived in the city.[6]

Main sights

The renovated Evangelical Church, whose roof was heavily damaged in a fire in 2008
Roman Catholic Church
Bistritz Fortress
  • The main attraction of Bistrița's central square is the Lutheran church, which was built by the Transylvanian Saxons and originally constructed in the 14th century in Gothic style. Between 1559 and 1563 it was altered by Petrus Italus and given Renaissance features. It was significantly renovated after the 2008 fire which damaged the tower.
  • The Minorite Monastery, situated in the eastern side of the old town, close to the location of the former defensive walls, is one of the oldest buildings in Bistrița. Built between 1270 and 1280, the building has undergone several repairs and alterations, the first one being recorded in 1494. After 1541, when the Minorite order left the town, it served as a barn and wine cellar. In 1724, the Catholic Church returned to Bistrița and the church was reopened. In 1895, the Romanian Greek Catholic Church purchased the building for 35,000 florins. The church was turned into an Orthodox church in 1948, when the communist government dissolved the Romanian Greek Catholic Church and transferred its properties to the Romanian Orthodox Church, and was decorated in Neo-Byzantine style in 1978–1980.
  • The Bistrița-Năsăud County Museum, located in a former barracks, contains Thracian, Celtic, and German artifacts.
  • The buildings of the city's two leading high schools, Andrei Mureșanu National College and Liviu Rebreanu National College.

In Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, the character Jonathan Harker visits Bistrița (rendered as "Bistritz", the German name for the city, in the original text) and stays at the Golden Krone Hotel (Romanian: Coroana de Aur); although no such hotel existed when the novel was written, a hotel of the same name has since been built.

In the PlayStation 2 game Shadow Hearts, Bistrița (where it is spelled "Biztritz") was a major place and home to the role-playing character Keith Valentine.

Transportation

The major cities directly linked by trains to this city are Bucharest via a night train, and Cluj-Napoca via several trains. Access from Bistrița to major railway lines is generally through connections in Dej or Beclean, although some other trains stop at the nearby railway junction of Sărățel.

Bistrița also serves as a midway point for C&I, a transport service, and is a changing point for people traveling between Suceava, Satu Mare, Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu, Sighișoara, Târgu Mureș, and Brașov.

Nearest airport is Cluj-Napoca Airport, which is located 110 kilometres (68 miles) from Bistrița.

Tourism

  • Arcalia Dendrological Park (17 km (11 mi) from Bistrița), hosts over 150 species of trees (such as Japanese acacia, silver fir trees, Caucasian Spruce fir, etc.); it exists in the land belonging to Babeș-Bolyai University[15]
  • Colibița Lake (artificial dam, situated in the Bârgău Mountains)
  • Lakes Lala Mare and Lala Mic (glacier lakes, below Ineu top)

Natural reservations

  • National park in the Rodna Mountains, which covers 37,429 hectares (144.51 sq mi) in Bistrița-Năsăud County
  • Piatra Corbului – "Raven's Rock", a geological and vegetal park, situated in the Călimani Mountains
  • The Salt Mount in Saratel
  • Tăușoare Cave, the deepest cave in Romania – 478.5 metres (1,570 ft)

Resorts

  • Sângeorz–Băi (balneo – climatic resort, situated in the Rodna Mountains, approx. 55 km (34 mi) from Bistrița)
  • Colibița (approx. 50 km (31 mi) from Bistrița)
  • Piatra Fântânele (approx. 60 km (37 mi) from Bistrița, at an altitude of 1,100 m (3,608.92 ft)Tihuța Pass)
  • Valea Vinului – Wine Valley – (approx. 90 km (56 mi) from Bistrița)

Museums and exhibitions

  • Transylvanian Saxons' Museum – Livezile
  • Museum of Contemporary Art – Sângeorz-Băi
  • Andrei Mureșanu Memorial House – Bistrița
  • Liviu Rebreanu Memorial House – Liviu Rebreanu village
  • Silversmith's House – Bistrița
  • George Coșbuc Memorial House – Coșbuc village
  • Ion-Pop Reteganul Memorial House – Reteag village
  • Bistrița Synagogue

Natives

Sport

Teams

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Bistrița is twinned with:

References

  1. https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. "Populaţia stabilă pe judeţe, municipii, oraşe şi localităti componenete la RPL_2011" (in Romanian). National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  3. Siebenbürgen Village List. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
  4. K. Gündisch, Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons. Langen-Müller, Munich, ISBN 3784426859
  5. Leslie S. Klinger, The New Annotated Dracula, W. W. Norton, 2008
  6. Marton, Yehouda; Schveiger, Paul; Braham, Randolph (2007). "Bistrita". Encyclopedia Judaica. 2 (2nd ed.).
  7. Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: A-J, pp. 152-53. NYU Press, 2001, ISBN 978-081-4793-76-3
  8. Florina Pop (December 1, 2010). "Bistrița: Fotografie unicat din decembrie 1918". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  9. Braham, R.L (2000). Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0814326919.
  10. "Három roma kiskorú gyújtotta fel a besztercei templom tornyát – Körkép – Gyorshírek – Szabadság". Szabadsag.ro. June 23, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  11. "Bistrița Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  12. https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1910_01/?pg=0&layout=s
  13. "Ethno-demographic Structure of Romania". The Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
  14. "The Jewish Community of Bistrita".
  15. The total surface of the property covers 16.5 hectares and consists of a dendrological park (with approx. 150 indigenous and exotic species) Arcalia Centre Archived September 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Babeș-Bolyai University, retrieved on August 18, 2015
  16. "Zielona Góra Miasta partnerskie". Urząd Miasta Zielona Góra. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
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