Black Hand (Chicago)

Black Hand extortion was a criminal tactic used by gangsters based in major cities in the United States. In Chicago, Black Hand extortion began around 1900 and had all but faded away by 1920, replaced by the Mafia. The Mafia was initially organized by Johnny Torrio and further organized by Al Capone into the extant Chicago Outfit sometime later.[1] Black Handers in Chicago were mostly Italian men from Calabria and Sicily men who would send anonymous extortion notes to their victims emblazoned with a feared old country symbol: the "Black Hand". The Black Hand was a precursor to organized crime although it is still a tactic practiced by the Mafia and used in organized crime to this day. The Black Hand gangsters of this time period differed from the Mafia by lacking formally structured hierarchies and codes of conduct, and many were essentially one-man operations. Black Hand blackmail was also common in New York and New Orleans. Victims would be threatened with being beaten, shot, or have their place of business bombed if they did not pay. Starting around 1909, The Black Hand was causing difficulties for mob boss Big Jim Colosimo a former Black hand gangster and owner of brothels throughout Chicago. In an effort to fix the problem Colosimo recruited Johnny Torrio, a member of New York's Five Points Gang who would eventually become the famous successor of Big Jim Colosimo and then later mentor Al Capone as the organized crime ruler of Chicago. But originally Torrio came to Chicago to fix the problem of the Black Hand which was threatening Colosimo's life with demands for cash to insure his physical safety.

Black hand symbol

Johnny Torrio/Fillipo Catalano

The notorious Johnny Torrio (January 20, 1882 – April 16, 1957), also known as "The Fox", was born Giovanni Torrio in, Montepeloso, a village in Basilicata region, south Italy, was alleged to have killed ten Black Hand gangsters in his first two months in Chicago. Of the ten men he was alleged to have killed, Filippo Catalano was one of them.[2]

Filippo Catalano was an alleged Black Hand gangster in Chicago in the early 1900s (decade). He was born in 1875, in Gioia Tauro a coastal village in Southern Italy, in the region of Calabria, and he died on June 5, 1910, in Chicago, Illinois, from five gunshot wounds he received that evening. Catalano came to the United States and eventually he owned and operated a saloon in Chicago and was connected to the Chicago criminal night life. It was said of Catalano that he was "hated and feared by his countrymen" in the Italian Colony according to Capt. Cudmore of the Chicago police third precinct and the central detail as the investigator of his murder.[3] Filippo Catalano was shot five times and died one hour later in the People's Hospital, before he died observing the gangland principle of omertà (total silence) Catalano never mentioned the name of his assailant, this was common for Italian/Sicilian men not to identify their assailant to the police.[4] Filippo Catalano was allegedly killed by Johnny Torrio. Although a subsequent investigation turned up the name Eugeno Monaco who may have been the triggerman working for Torrio.

Black Hand Assassination

One of the stories of assassination was the murder of Filippo Catalano. Catalano was in the Vesuvius restaurant, a place frequented by Chicago's night life. On the night of June 5, 1910, Catalano walked out from the restaurant at approx. 3 a.m. in the company of Edgar K Accetta a New York lawyer, who was in town on business, and a third man, Eugeno Monaco. The three men were walking towards an approaching car when Monaco allegedly drew a revolver and shot Catalano five times. In a previous incident involving Catalano on March 27, Catalano was alleged to have shot John Jocko in front of 1821 South State Street. Witnesses identified Catalano as the shooter, but the victim survived the shooting and would not prosecute, and Catalano was released. Catalano's killer escaped fleeing on foot and was traced to the Rock Island Pacific Railroad tracks where he disappeared.[5] Filippo Catalano fits in the time period where Johnny Torrio came to Chicago to assassinate Chicago Black Hand gangsters who were extorting his uncle from 1909 to 1911. By 1920 Black Hand activity had all but faded. Johnny Torrio went on to run and organize the Chicago Outfit.

Giordiani case

Another death was the death of Maria Giordiani, in the year 1911 Roman de la Rose, she was an Italian immigrant child only 4 years old, her body was found on her bedroom floor, her parents Ricardo Giordiani and Eleanor Giordiani were missing and never found. It is alleged that the Giordiani family had been targeted by the Black Hand. This case is in itself a mystery, not much is understood about the death of the fogeys although we've gained information about the jeune fille that was found within the two story home of the Giordiani family. Ricardo Giordiani is an Italian immigrant that managed to steal Eleanors heart, she is believed to possess European origins moreover making them an immigrant couple. They'd given life to Maria which was only 4 on the night the Black Hand Mafia was planning on taking the life of Mr. Gordiani. As much information that we could gather they had targeted him as his debt from his close corporation had increased and he was once a member of the Mafia at a young age thanks to his father and their immigration. We believe that Maria was targeted so as to frighten the adults. As planned they fled their house as their beloved child had been shot. All that was found was a small doll, a book titled "Roman de la rose" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_la_Rose and a shawl that belonged to Mrs.Giordiani.

Timeline
  • 1910 - Chicago police arrest over 200 known Italian gangsters and known Black Hand members in a raid in Little Italy. However, none are convicted as many of the notes of extortion threats cannot be traced to them.
  • March 15, 1910 - The Chicago Vice Commission, a civic organization to close the brothels and panel houses of the Levee district, is organized.
  • 1910 - Chicago racketeer Big Jim Colosimo brings his nephew Johnny Torrio, then with New York's Five Points Gang, to Chicago to eliminate the Black Hand due to their extortion demands. Within a month, ten Black Hand extortionists had been killed.
  • 1910 - Jim Cosmano, a major Chicago Black Hand leader, is severely wounded in an ambush by Johnny Torrio on a South Side bridge. Cosmano had previously demanded $10,000 threatening to destroy Colosimo's Cafe.
  • June 6, 1910 Filippo Catalano an alleged Black hand extortionist is gunned down after leaving the Vesuvius Restaurant.
  • January 1-March 26, 1911 - Thirty-eight Black Hand victims are killed by Black Hand assassins, many by the unidentified assassin known only as Shotgun Man, between Oak Street and Milton Street in Chicago's Little Italy.

References
  • Chicago Daily Tribune June 6, 1910
  • Chicago Daily Tribune June 11, 1910

Sources
  1. History.com Black Hand
  2. Chicago Tribune June 1910
  3. Chicago Daily Tribune) June 6th 1910
  4. Chicago Daily Tribune June 6th 1910
  5. The Chicago Daily Tribune, June 6th, 1910
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