Five Families

In the 1920s, Mafia operations in the U.S. were controlled by Giuseppe "Joe The Boss" Masseria, whose faction consisted mainly of gangsters from Sicily and the Calabria and Campania regions of southern Italy. Masseria's faction included Charles "Lucky" Luciano, Albert "Mad Hatter" Anastasia, Vito Genovese, Alfred Mineo, Willie Moretti, Joe Adonis, and Frank Costello. However, powerful Sicilian mafioso Don Vito Ferro decided to make a bid for control of Mafia operations.[1] From his base in Castellammare del Golfo, he sent Salvatore Maranzano to seize control. The Castellammarese faction in the U.S. included Joseph "Joe Bananas" Bonanno, Stefano "The Undertaker" Magaddino, Joseph Profaci, and Joe Aiello.[2] As it became more and more evident that the two factions would clash for leadership of the Mafia, they each sought to recruit more followers to support them.[3]

Outwardly, the Castellammarese War was between the forces of Masseria and Maranzano.[4] Underneath, however, there was also a generational conflict between the old guard Sicilian leadership – known as the "Mustache Petes" for their long mustaches and old-world ways, such as refusing to do business with non-Italians – and the "Young Turks", a younger and more diverse Italian group who were more forward thinking and willing to work more with non-Italians. This approach led his followers to question whether Masseria was even capable of making the Mafia prosper in the modern times. Led by Luciano, the aim of this group was to end the war as soon as possible in order to resume their businesses, because they viewed the conflict as unnecessary. Luciano's objective was to modernize the mob and do away with unnecessary orthodox norms.[5] This was a vision that enabled him to attract followers, who had seen the inadequacies of Masseria's traditionalist leadership. Therefore, both factions were fluid, with many mobsters switching sides or killing their own allies during the war.[6][7] Tensions between the Maranzano and Masseria factions were evident as far back as 1928, with one side frequently hijacking the other's alcohol trucks (alcohol production was then illegal in the United States due to Prohibition).

In early 1931, Luciano decided to eliminate Masseria. The war had been going poorly for Masseria, and Luciano saw an opportunity to switch allegiance. In a secret deal with Maranzano, Luciano agreed to engineer Masseria's death in return for receiving Masseria's rackets and becoming Maranzano's second-in-command.[8] Joe Adonis had joined the Masseria faction and when Masseria heard about Luciano's betrayal, he approached Adonis about killing Luciano. However, Adonis instead warned Luciano about the murder plot.[9] On April 15, 1931, Masseria was killed at Nuova Villa Tammaro, a Coney Island restaurant in Brooklyn. While they played cards, Luciano allegedly excused himself to the bathroom, with the gunmen reportedly being Anastasia, Genovese, Adonis, and Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel;[10] Ciro "The Artichoke King" Terranova drove the getaway car, but legend has it that he was too shaken up to drive away and had to be shoved out of the driver's seat by Siegel.[11][12] With Maranzano's blessing, Luciano took over Masseria's gang and became Maranzano's lieutenant, ending the Castellammarese War.[8]

With Masseria gone, Maranzano reorganized the Italian American gangs in New York City into the Five Families headed by Luciano, Profaci, Gagliano, Mangano and himself. Maranzano called a meeting of crime bosses in Wappingers Falls, New York, where he declared himself capo di tutti i capi ("boss of all bosses").[8] Maranzano also whittled down the rival families' rackets in favor of his own. Luciano appeared to accept these changes, but was merely biding his time before removing Maranzano.[13] Although Maranzano was slightly more forward-thinking than Masseria, Luciano had come to believe that Maranzano was even more greedy and hidebound than Masseria had been.[8]

By September 1931, Maranzano realized Luciano was a threat, and hired Vincent "Mad Dog" Coll, an Irish gangster, to kill him.[8] However, Lucchese alerted Luciano that he was marked for death.[8] On September 10, Maranzano ordered Luciano, Genovese and Costello to come to his office at the 230 Park Avenue in Manhattan. Convinced that Maranzano planned to murder them, Luciano decided to act first.[14] He sent to Maranzano's office four Jewish gangsters whose faces were unknown to Maranzano's people. They had been secured with the aid of Meyer Lansky and Bugsy Siegel.[15] Disguised as government agents, two of the gangsters disarmed Maranzano's bodyguards. The other two, aided by Lucchese, who was there to point Maranzano out, stabbed the boss multiple times before shooting him.[16][17] This assassination was the first of what would later be fabled as the "Night of the Sicilian Vespers."[16]

After Maranzano's murder in 1931, Luciano called a meeting in Chicago.[18][19][20] Although there would have been few objections had Luciano declared himself capo di tutti i capi, he abolished the title, believing the position created trouble between the families and made himself a target for another ambitious challenger.[21] Luciano's goals with the Commission were to quietly maintain his own power over all the families, and to prevent future gang wars; the bosses approved the idea of the Commission.[19] The Commission would consist of a "board of directors" to oversee all Mafia activities in the United States and serve to mediate conflicts between families.[19][22]

The Commission consisted of seven family bosses: the leaders of New York's Five Families: Charlie "Lucky" Luciano, Vincent Mangano, Tommy Gagliano, Joseph Bonanno, and Joe Profaci; Chicago Outfit boss Al Capone; and Buffalo family boss Stefano Magaddino.[19][22] Charlie Luciano was appointed chairman of the Commission. The Commission agreed to hold meetings every five years or when they needed to discuss family problems.[19]

• 1909–1912 – Sebastiano DiGaetano
• 1912–1930 – Nicolo Schirò – fled
• 1930–1931 – Salvatore Maranzano – murdered on September 10, 1931[26]
• 1931–1968 – Joseph "Joe Bananas" Bonanno – on October 21, 1964, Bonanno disappeared; forcibly replaced as boss by the commission;[27] crime family split into two factions; in May 1966, Bonanno reappeared after two years; officially retires after a heart attack in 1968
  • Disputed 1964–1966 – Gaspar "Gasparino" DiGregorio – installed when Bonanno disappeared and later forcibly replaced by the Commission[27]
  • Acting 1966–1968 – Paul Sciacca[28] – for the DiGregorio faction
• 1968–1971 – Paul Sciacca – imprisoned
• 1971–1973 – Natale "Joe Diamonds" Evola[28] – died on August 28, 1973[29]
• 1973–1991 – Phillip "Rusty" Rastelli[28] – imprisoned 1975–1984 and 1986–1991[30]
  • Acting (unofficial)[31] 1974–1979 – Carmine "Cigar" Galante[28] – murdered on July 12, 1979[30]
  • Acting 1979–1983 – Salvatore "Sally Fruits" Farrugia – appointed by the Commission[32]
  • Acting 1987–1991 – Anthony "Old Man" Spero[28] – sentenced to life imprisonment in 2002, died in 2008
• 1991–2004 – Joseph "Big Joey" Massino – imprisoned January 2003, became government informant in October 2004
  • Acting 1991–1993 – Anthony "Old Man" Spero
  • Acting 2003–2004 – Anthony "Tony Green" Urso – imprisoned January 2004
• 2004–2011 – Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano – imprisoned November 2004, in July 2007 received a life sentence
  • Acting 2004–2006 – Michael "the Nose" Mancuso – imprisoned February 2006
  • Acting 2006–2009 – Salvatore "Sal the Iron Worker" Montagna – deported to Canada in April 2009,[33] shot and killed in November 2011
  • Acting 2010–2012 – Vincent "Vinny T.V." Badalamenti – imprisoned in January 2012[34]
• 2013–present – Michael "the Nose" Mancuso[35] – released from prison March 12, 2019
  • Acting 2013–2014 – Thomas "Tommy D" DiFiore[36] – arrested on January 23, 2014
  • Acting 2014–2015 – John "Johnny Skyway" Palazzolo – arrested on March 27, 2015 for violating parole[37]
  • Acting 2015–2019 – Joseph "Joe C" Cammarano Jr.[38] – indicted on racketeering and extortion charges on January 12, 2018, acquitted March 13, 2019[39][40][41][42]

• 1928–1962 – Joseph Profaci[43] – died of natural causes
• 1962–1963 – Joseph Magliocco[43] – forced to retire by Mafia Commission
• 1963–1973 – Joseph Colombo[43] – paralyzed by assassination attempt
  • Acting 1971–1972 – Joseph Yacovelli[43][44] – fled, after the murder of Joe Gallo
  • Acting 1972–1973 – Vincenzo "Vincent" Aloi[45] – imprisoned
  • Acting 1973 – Joseph "Joey" Brancato[43][45] – imprisoned[44]
• 1973–2019 – Carmine "Junior" Persico[43] – imprisoned 1973–1979,[46] 1981–1984,[47] 1985–2019,[48] died on March 7, 2019[49]
  • Acting 1973–1979 – Thomas DiBella[45] – stepped down, became consigliere
  • Acting 1981–1983 – Alphonse "Allie Boy" Persico – Carmine Persico's brother; fugitive 1980–1987, imprisoned[50][51]
  • Acting 1983–1984 – Gennaro "Jerry Lang" Langella – imprisoned[48]
  • Acting 1985–1987 – Anthony "Scappy" Scarpati[52] – imprisoned
  • Acting 1987–1991 – Vittorio "Vic" Orena[53] – imprisoned sentenced to life[54]
  • Acting 1991–1993 – Vacant – disputed leadership during the third war
  • Acting 1994–1996 – Andrew "Andy Mush" Russo[55][56][57] – imprisoned March 1997[57]
  • Acting 1996–2019 – Alphonse "Little Allie Boy" Persico[55] – Carmine Persico's son; imprisoned sentenced to life 2009[58][59][60]
• 2019–present – Unknown

• 1900s–1910 – Ignazio "the Wolf" Lupo – imprisoned in 1910.[61]
• 1910–1928 – Salvatore "Toto" D'Aquila – took over the Brooklyn Camorra in 1916 and merged with Al Mineo's gang forming the largest family in New York. He was killed on orders of boss Joe Masseria in 1928.[65]
• 1928–1930 – Manfredi "Alfred" Mineo – killed in Castellammarese War in 1930.
• 1930–1931 – Frank Scalice – demoted after murder of boss of all bosses Salvatore Maranzano.
• 1931–1951 – Vincent Mangano – disappeared in April 1951, allegedly killed on orders of underboss Albert Anastasia.
• 1951–1957 – Albert Anastasia – murdered in October 1957 on orders of Carlo Gambino.
• 1957–1976 – Carlo Gambino – died of natural causes 1976.
  • Acting 1964–1976 – Paul Castellano – acting boss for Gambino, became official boss after his death.
• 1976–1985 – Paul Castellano – murdered in December 1985 on orders of capo John Gotti.
• 1985–2001 – John Gotti – imprisoned in 1990, died in 2002.
  • Acting 1993–1999 – John A. Gotti – imprisoned in 1999, later retired.
  • Acting 1999–2001 – Peter Gotti – promoted to official boss.
• 2001–2011 – Peter Gotti – imprisoned in 2002, serving life sentence.[66]
  • Acting 2002–2005 – Arnold Squitieri[67]
  • Acting 2005–2008 – John D'Amico[68]
• 2011–present – Domenico "Italian Dom" Cefalù
  • Acting 2015–2019 – Frank Cali – murdered in March 2019.[69]
  • Acting 2019–present – Lorenzo Mannino[70]

• 1890s–1909 – Giuseppe "the Clutch Hand" Morello – imprisoned
• 1910–1916 – Nicholas "Nick Morello" Terranova – murdered on September 7, 1916
• 1916–1920 – Vincenzo "Vincent" Terranova – stepped down becoming underboss
• 1920–1922 – Giuseppe "the Clutch Hand" Morello – stepped down becoming underboss to Masseria
• 1922–1931 – Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria – murdered on April 15, 1931
• 1931–1946 – Charles "Lucky" Luciano – imprisoned in 1936, deported to Italy in 1946
  • Acting 1936–1937 – Vito Genovese – fled to Italy in 1937 to avoid murder charge
  • Acting 1937–1946 – Frank "the Prime Minister" Costello – became official boss after Luciano's deportation
• 1946–1957 – Frank "the Prime Minister" Costello – resigned in 1957 after Genovese -Gigante assassination attempt[71][72]
• 1957–1969 – Vito "Don Vito" Genovese – imprisoned in 1959, died in prison in 1969
  • Acting 1959–1962 – Anthony "Tony Bender" Strollo – disappeared in 1962
  • Acting 1962–1965 – Thomas "Tommy Ryan" Eboli – became front boss
  • Acting 1965–1969 – Philip "Benny Squint" Lombardo – became the official boss
• 1969–1981 – Philip "Benny Squint" Lombardo – retired in 1981, died of natural causes in 1987
• 1981–2005 – Vincent "Chin" Gigante – imprisoned in 1997, died in prison on December 19, 2005[73]
  • Acting 1989–1996 – Liborio "Barney" Bellomo – promoted to street boss
  • Acting 1997–1998 – Dominick "Quiet Dom" Cirillo – suffered heart attack and resigned
  • Acting 1998–2005 – Matthew "Matty the Horse" Ianniello – resigned when indicted in July 2005
  • Acting 2005–2008 – Daniel "Danny the Lion" Leo[74] – imprisoned 2008–2013
• 2010–present – Liborio "Barney" Bellomo

• 1922–1930: Gaetano "Tommy" Reina:[75] murdered on February 26, 1930
• 1930: Bonaventura "Joseph" Pinzolo:[75] murdered on September 5, 1930
• 1930–1951: Tommaso "Tommy" Gagliano:[75] retired in 1951, died on February 16, 1953
• 1951–1967: Gaetano "Tommy Brown" Lucchese:[75] died on July 13, 1967[76][77][78]
  • Acting 1966–1967: Carmine Tramunti: stepped down
  • Acting 1967: Ettore "Eddie" Coco:[75] stepped down
• 1967–1973: Carmine "Mr. Gribbs" Tramunti:[75] imprisoned in October 1973
• 1973–1986: Anthony "Tony Ducks" Corallo:[75] indicted on February 15, 1985, convicted on November 19, 1986 in the Mafia Commission Trial and sentenced on January 13, 1987 to 100 years in prison.
• 1986–present: Vittorio "Vic" Amuso:[75][79] arrested in 1991, received a life sentence in January 1993[80]
  • Acting 1990–1991: Alphonse "Little Al" D'Arco:[75] demoted, became a member of a ruling panel[81]
  • Acting 1995–1998: Joseph "Little Joe" DeFede:[82] imprisoned in 1998
  • Acting 1998–2000: Steven "Wonderboy" Crea:[75] imprisoned on September 6, 2000[83]
  • Acting 2000–2003: Louis "Louie Bagels" Daidone:[75] imprisoned March 2003, received life sentence in January 2004
  • Acting 2009–2017: Matthew "Matt" Madonna: indicted 2007 and 2009; imprisoned 2015–present; indicted 2017[84][85][86][87]
  • Acting 2017–present: Michael "Big Mike" DeSantis[87]