Black Swan Records

Black Swan's parent company, Pace Phonograph Corporation, was founded in March 1921 by Harry Pace and was based in Harlem.[2] The new production company was formed after Pace's music publishing partnership with W. C. Handy, Pace & Handy, had dissolved.[2] Notably, Black Swan, which sought to specialize in classical recordings, served as an investment opportunity for the Talented Tenth. As recognized by Thomas Brothers, "luminaries like Jack Nail and James Weldon Johnson served on the Black Swan board of directors, and the Crisis, the mouthpiece of Du Bois and the NAACP, invested its profits there."[3]

Bert Williams was an early investor in Pace Phonograph. Williams also promised to record for the company once his exclusive contract with Columbia Records ended, but he died before that could occur.

Pace Phonograph Corporation was renamed Black Swan Phonograph Company in the fall of 1922. Both the record label and production company were named after 19th century opera star Elizabeth Greenfield, who was known as the Black Swan.[4]

1921 record by Alberta Hunter

Former employees of Pace & Handy staffed the new company: Fletcher Henderson, the recording manager, provided piano accompaniment for singers and led a small band for recording sessions. William Grant Still was named arranger and later musical director.[4] Ads for Black Swan often ran in The Crisis, the magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which Du Bois edited.[5]

Black Swan proved moderately successful. It recorded African American musicians, but as the label grew in popularity, Pace believed competing white-owned labels such as Columbia Records sought to "obstruct the progress and curtail the popularity of Black Swan Records".[6] Although advertising for Black Swan Records claimed all its musicians and employees were African American, it sometimes used white musicians to back some of its singers.

The production company declared bankruptcy in December 1923, and in March 1924 Paramount Records bought the Black Swan label. The Chicago Defender reported the event by noting important accomplishments of Black Swan in a short career span, including: pointed out—to the major, all white-owned, record companies—the significant market demand for black artists; prompted several major companies to begin publishing music by these performers. In addition, the Defender credited Pace with showing the majors how to target black audiences and to advertise in black newspapers. Paramount discontinued the Black Swan label a short time later.

The Black Swan label was revived in the 1990s for a series of CD reissues of historic jazz and blues recordings originally issued on Black Swan and Paramount. These CDs were issued by George H. Buck's Jazzology and GHB labels under the control of the George H. Buck Jr. Jazz Foundation, which gained rights to the Paramount back-catalogue but not the Paramount name. Rights to the name "Black Swan Records" were also transferred to GHB.

• Bessie Allison, original member of the Shuffle Along cast
• C. Carroll Clark, baritone who was the first artist recorded by the label[7]
• Four Harmony Kings, vocal quartet
• Henry Creamer and J. Turner Layton, vaudeville duo
• Katie Crippen, vaudeville singer
• Kemper Harreld, violinist
• Lucille Hegamin, jazz and blues singer
• Revella Hughes, soprano featured on one of the label's first releases[2]
• Alberta Hunter, blues singer
• Nettie Moore was a singer who recorded[8] "Deep River" (1922) /"Song of India" (1922) and "Christmas Chimes" with Ethel Waters on Black Swan.[9]
• Hattie King Reavis, soprano singer
• Trixie Smith, blues singer, second only to Ethel Waters in Black Swan sales.
• Florence Cole Talbert, first classical artist to record with Black Swan,[10] soprano, music educator
• "Mamie Jones", pseudonym for singer Aileen Stanley who was one of many white artists to record for Black Swan. These artists were "passing for colored" since the label was advertised as featuring only black artists.[11]
• Eva Taylor, blues singer
• Ethel Waters, jazz, gospel, bluesb singer. She had the label's first commercially successful records, and remained their best seller.
• Essie Whitman, vaudeville singer[2][7][11][12][13]
• Louis Armstrong
• Lovie Austin
• Buster Bailey
• Viola Bartlette
• Blind Blake
• Lucille Bogan
• Ishman Bracey
• Henry Brown
• Bob Call
• Gus Cannon
• Cow Cow Davenport
• Madlyn Davis
• Charlie Dixon
• Johnny Dodds
• Georgia Tom Dorsey
• Bernice Edwards
• William Ezell
• Buddy Hawkins
• Bertha Henderson
• Fletcher Henderson
• Papa Charlie Jackson
• Skip James
• Blind Lemon Jefferson
• Edith Johnson
• Mary Johnson
• Lottie Kimbrough
• Tommy Ladnier
• Meade Lux Lewis
• Kaiser Marshall
• Alice Moore
• Jelly Roll Morton
• Jimmy O'Bryant
• Charlie Patton
• Ma Rainey
• Don Redman
• Elzadie Robinson
• Ike Rodgers
• Ivy Smith
• Roosevelt Sykes
• Tampa Red
• Ramblin' Thomas
• Coot Grant

• List of record labels

• The Rise and Fall of Black Swan Records by Jitu Weusi