Bombardier (film)

Bombardier is a 1943 film war drama about the training program for bombardiers of the United States Army Air Forces. The film stars Pat O'Brien and Randolph Scott. Bombardier was nominated for an Oscar in 1944 for the special effects used in the film. It was largely filmed at Kirtland Army Air Field, New Mexico, site of the first bombardier training school.[2]

Bombardier
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRichard Wallace
Produced byRobert Fellows
Written by
Starring
Music byRoy Webb
CinematographyNicholas Musuraca
Edited byRobert Wise
Distributed byRKO Pictures
Release date
  • May 14, 1943 (1943-05-14)
Running time
99 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Box office$2 million (US rentals)[1]

The film follows the training of six bombardier candidates, seen through the differences between the two USAAF pilots in charge of their training over the efficacy of precision bombing.

Brigadier General Eugene L. Eubank, commander of the first heavy bombardment group of the U.S. Army Air Forces to see combat in World War II, introduces the film with the statement:

I want you to know about a new kind of American soldier, the most important of all our fighting men today. He is most important because upon him, finally, depends the success of any mission in which he participates. The greatest bombing plane in the world, with its combat crew, takes him into battle, through weather, through enemy opposition, just so he may have 30 seconds over the target. In those 30 seconds, he must vindicate the greatest responsibility ever placed upon an individual soldier in line of duty. I want you to know about him, and about those who had the faith and vision and foresight to bring him into being, to fit him for his task, long months before our war began.

Plot

In 1941, at a staff meeting in Washington, D.C., two officers of the U.S. Army Air Corps (and old friends) debate the importance of bombardiers. Major "Chick" Davis (Pat O'Brien) argues that a bombardier, using the top secret American bombsight will be the "spearhead of our striking force." After a year of observing the Royal Air Force fight the German Luftwaffe, Capt. "Buck" Oliver (Randolph Scott) is not convinced a bomber can get "so close that a bomb can't miss" and that new pilots are the priority. Davis challenges Oliver to a "bombing duel" to test their respective points of view. Oliver, using a dive bomber, misses the stationary target with all his bombs, while Davis, bombing from 20,000 feet in a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, succeeds in hitting his target with his first bomb.

Later, Oliver recommends that "Hughes Field", in "Almansor", New Mexico, the civilian flying school of a friend, be leased as a new Bombardier Training School. As the school's first class nears graduation, Major Davis arrives, with right-hand man, M/Sgt. Archie Dixon (Barton MacLane), to take command. Davis is discomfited by the presence of so many civilian women clerks, including the field's former owner, Burton "Burt" Hughes (Anne Shirley), the daughter of a respected Air Corps general and now a secretary under terms of the lease. Davis is brusque with Burt and she observes he could use some training in manners.

Buck Oliver arrives with the next cadet class, that includes Tom Hughes (Eddie Albert), Burt's brother. Davis is mildly disturbed to learn that Oliver and Burt have a romantic history, and the two friendly rivals continue to butt heads over the importance of bombardiers. Oliver, who heads the group of pilots flying bombers for cadet training, refuses to take them seriously because they will become sergeants upon graduation, not commissioned officers. Davis attempts to make up with Burt, and solicits the War Department to commission the bombardiers. Preflight ground school is intensive and with practice bombing, reveals many shortcomings: Tom Hughes has trouble with fear-induced air sickness, Joe Connors (Robert Ryan) with commitment issues, and "Chito" Rafferty (Richard Martin) with the lack of women on the base. Cadet Pete Jordan is not up to the complexity of the training and soon washes out.

Connors reveals to Davis that a spy wants to buy information from him about the secret bombsight, and helps Davis lure the spy into a trap where he is arrested. Cadet Paul Harris, brilliant in ground school and a hero for saving his bomber from destruction when a flare goes awry, is conscience stricken that his mother thinks he will be a murderer of innocent civilians. Davis reassures him with a patriotic pep talk. When a bomber develops mechanical problems and the crew is ordered to bail out, Tom Hughes panics in fear and refuses to jump. His friend (and another suitor of Burt Hughes), Cadet Jim Carter (Walter Reed), crash- lands the aircraft, claiming that he is the one who panicked, but Hughes confesses afterward. Facing an elimination board, he successfully persuades Davis and receives a second chance.

On a subsequent flight, Buck Oliver passes out from anoxia, nearly tossing Carter out of the opened bomb bay without a parachute. Tom Hughes falls to his death saving Carter's life. Oliver is subjected to a board of investigation but exonerated because his actions resulted from the failure of his oxygen equipment. Guilt-stricken and unable to face Burt, Oliver transfers out of the school. Shortly after, America is drawn into the war by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Davis, promoted to colonel, becomes a B-17 group commander, and awkwardly proposes marriage to Burt who turns him down. The group (and new bombardiers Carter, Connors, Rafferty, and Harris) leaves for a secret island base in the Pacific, and Burt passionately kisses Jim Carter goodbye, revealing her choice.

At the base, Buck Oliver, now a major, joins the group just as it is about to fly a night mission to bomb an aircraft factory in Nagoya, Japan. Oliver's assignment is bomb with incendiaries to set the target on fire a half hour before the arrival of the group, which Davis will lead at high altitude. Joe Connors is Oliver's bombardier and Sgt. Dixon his tailgunner. Flying low, Oliver's bomber is shot down before he can drop his bombs, and Connors remains at his post, sacrificing his life to destroy the bombsight, fulfilling an oath he took upon entry into Bombardier School.

Oliver and the remainder of his crew, including Dixon, are captured. The stretchers used to carry the dead Americans are stamped "USA Earthquake Relief 1923". Their Japanese captors execute the other crew members to coerce Oliver and Dixon into revealing the location of their base, but Dixon overwhelms his guard and attempts to escape. He is machine gunned in the attempt, but the shots also set fire to a truck carrying barrels of gasoline. Oliver drives the burning truck throughout the factory, setting fire to its camouflage netting and fulfills his mission, knowing he will be killed by his own men. The B-17 group fights off Japanese fighters, is riddled by flak, but overcomes the reluctance of the bombardiers to bomb their compatriots and successfully destroys the target.

Cast

Production

Development
Early series B-17s featured prominently in Bombardier.

RKO Pictures began Bombardier as a project in 1940, with several rewrites to incorporate changes in world events.[3] With full cooperation of the United States Army Air Forces, the film was in production from October 12 to December 18, 1942, with six weeks of the filming done on location at Kirtland Army Air Base.[4] All the aviation cadets in training at the base were used as extras, and veteran aircrews assigned to the school as instructors flew the B-17s used in formation shots at the end of the film.[3] At Kirtland, filming featured live action photography of training aircraft including Beech AT-11 Kansan trainers, as well as Boeing B-17C and E Flying Fortress, Consolidated B-24 Liberator, Douglas B-18 Bolo and North American B-25 Mitchell bombers.[5] A Junkers Ju 87 and Vought SB2U Vindicator dive bombers were briefly seen at the beginning of the film.[6] The production moved to Midland, Texas to film the Japanese bombing scenes.[7]

Crew

Notable members of the film crew included Robert Wise as film editor, and Robert Aldrich as second assistant director.[3] Lambert Hillyer directed filming (uncredited) of an aerial sequence, while Joseph F. Biroc completed the cinematography work begun and credited to Nicholas Musuraca.[8]

Writing

The central conflict between competing points of view over the importance of specialized bombardier training in Bombardier reflected an actual doctrinal struggle within the U.S. Army Air Corps between 1939 and December 1941, when, as in the film, the proponents of specialized training won out. Three attempts at developing a school had been tried since July 1940 at Lowry Field, Colorado; Barksdale Field, Louisiana; and Ellington Field, Texas, before the permanent school was established at Kirtland by Col. John D. Ryan as the first step in meeting a wartime goal of training 30,000 bombardiers.[9][Note 2]

Sets

Albuquerque Army Air Base (renamed Kirtland in February 1942) was constructed from January to August 1941 on the site of the former Oxnard Field (a private airport) in Albuquerque, at which time the 19th Bomb Group (commanded in combat by Col. Eugene Eubank, who introduces the film) completed training for deployment to the Philippines. A permanent Bombardier Training School, the first of 10 in the southwest United States, opened in December 1941 at Albuquerque AAB and eventually graduated more than 5,000 bombardiers.[9]

Reception

Bombardier premiered on May 14, 1943, at Kirtland AAB,[11] (now Kirtland AFB). Despite a blistering review from Bosley Crowther,[12] the film was well received by the public.[13] In 1993, 50 years after its first release, a colorized version was released on VHS by Turner Home Entertainment.

Box office

Bombardier was popular with audiences and earned RKO a profit of $565,000.[14]

Awards

Bombardier received an Academy Award nomination in 1944 for Best Special Effects: Vernon L. Walker (photographic), James G. Stewart and Roy Granville (sound).[15][16] [Note 3]

Legacy

Bombardier featured a supporting character, the Mexican-American Chito played by Richard Martin. Chito was created by screenwriter Jack Wagner, who had been brought in to work on the screenplay. Chito proved so popular RKO used the character as a sidekick in a series of Westerns, notably with Tim Holt.[17]

The Larry Beinhart novel American Hero, source material for the film Wag The Dog, posits that the film was the inspiration for the Operation DESERT STORM videos of guided bombs falling down smokestacks and air vents.[18]

References

Notes
  1. Richard Martin made his first appearance as the Mexican Irish character "Chito" Rafferty that he would later play in many RKO Westerns opposite Tim Holt.
  2. The then top secret Norden bombsight is never depicted in the film.[10]
  3. The award went to Crash Dive.

Citations
  1. "Top Grossers of the Season." Variety, January 5, 1944, p. 54.
  2. Orrisss 1984, pp. 74–75.
  3. Nixon, Rob. "Articles: Bombardier." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: May 18, 2013.
  4. "Original Print Information: Bombardier." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: May 18, 2013.
  5. Hardwick and Schnepf 1989, p. 54.
  6. "Aviation Films - B: Bombardier." Aerofiles. Retrieved: May 18, 2013.
  7. Carlson 2012, p. 180.
  8. "Joseph Biroc." Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers. Retrieved: February 9, 2009.
  9. Baldwin, Ben. "Army Air Forces Historical Study No. 5: Individual Training of Bombardiers." Air Force Historical Research Agency, pp. 19–37.
  10. Zimmerman 1996, pp. 34–35.
  11. "Bombardier." Archived December 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Film New Mexico. Retrieved: February 24, 2009.
  12. Orriss 1984, p. 76.
  13. Schwartz, Dennis. "Bombardier." Ozus' World Movie reviews. Retrieved: February 24, 2009.
  14. Jewell and Harbin 1982, p. 184.
  15. "Nominees and Winners: The 16th Academy Awards (1944)." oscars.org. Retrieved: May 4, 2017.
  16. "16th Academy Awards." Film Affinity. Retrieved: February 24, 2009.
  17. Stempel, Tom. "Tim Holt and the B Western." Off Screen, Volume 17, issue 11, November 2013. Retrieved: May 4, 2017.
  18. American Hero (AKA Wag The Dog) by Larry Beinhart, page 168

Bibliography
  • Carlson, Mark. Flying on Film: A Century of Aviation in the Movies, 1912–2012. Duncan, Oklahoma: BearManor Media, 2012. ISBN 978-1-59393-219-0.
  • Hardwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf. "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies". The Making of the Great Aviation Films, General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989.
  • Jewell, Richard and Vernon Harbin. The RKO Story. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1982. ISBN 978-0-70641-285-7.
  • Orriss, Bruce. When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II. Hawthorne, California: Aero Associates Inc., 1984. ISBN 0-9613088-0-X.
  • Zimmerman, David. Top Secret Exchange: The Tizard Mission and the Scientific War. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: McGill-Queen's Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-77351-401-0.
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