Bulverism

Bulverism is a term for a rhetorical fallacy that combines circular reasoning with presumption or condescension. The method of Bulverism is to "assume that your opponent is wrong, and explain his error." The Bulverist assumes a speaker's argument is invalid or false and then explains why the speaker came to make that mistake (even if the opponents's claim is actually right) by attacking the speaker or the speaker's motive. The term Bulverism was coined by C. S. Lewis[1] to poke fun at a very serious error in thinking that, he alleged, recurs often in a variety of religious, political, and philosophical debates.

Similar to Antony Flew's "subject/motive shift", Bulverism is a fallacy of irrelevance. One accuses an argument of being wrong on the basis of the arguer's identity or motive, but these are strictly speaking irrelevant to the argument's validity or truth.

Source of the concept

Lewis wrote about this in a 1941 essay,[2][3] which was later expanded and published in 1944 in The Socratic Digest under the title "Bulverism".[4][3] This was reprinted both in Undeceptions and the more recent anthology God in the Dock in 1970. He explains the origin of this term:[5]

You must show that a man is wrong before you start explaining why he is wrong. The modern method is to assume without discussion that he is wrong and then distract his attention from this (the only real issue) by busily explaining how he became so silly. In the course of the last fifteen years I have found this vice so common that I have had to invent a name for it. I call it "Bulverism". Some day I am going to write the biography of its imaginary inventor, Ezekiel Bulver, whose destiny was determined at the age of five when he heard his mother say to his father—who had been maintaining that two sides of a triangle were together greater than a third—"Oh you say that because you are a man." "At that moment", E. Bulver assures us, "there flashed across my opening mind the great truth that refutation is no necessary part of argument. Assume that your opponent is wrong, and explain his error, and the world will be at your feet. Attempt to prove that he is wrong or (worse still) try to find out whether he is wrong or right, and the national dynamism of our age will thrust you to the wall." That is how Bulver became one of the makers of the Twentieth Century.

Suppose I think, after doing my accounts, that I have a large balance at the bank. And suppose you want to find out whether this belief of mine is "wishful thinking." You can never come to any conclusion by examining my psychological condition. Your only chance of finding out is to sit down and work through the sum yourself. When you have checked my figures, then, and then only, will you know whether I have that balance or not. If you find my arithmetic correct, then no amount of vapouring about my psychological condition can be anything but a waste of time. If you find my arithmetic wrong, then it may be relevant to explain psychologically how I came to be so bad at my arithmetic, and the doctrine of the concealed wish will become relevant—but only after you have yourself done the sum and discovered me to be wrong on purely arithmetical grounds. It is the same with all thinking and all systems of thought. If you try to find out which are tainted by speculating about the wishes of the thinkers, you are merely making a fool of yourself. You must first find out on purely logical grounds which of them do, in fact, break down as arguments. Afterwards, if you like, go on and discover the psychological causes of the error.

From Bulverism by C. S. Lewis:

Varieties

Assuming one's opponent is wrong is a formal fallacy of circular reasoning. Undermining one's opponent rather than arguing that he is wrong is a fallacy of relevance or genetic fallacy. Bulverism combines both of these. One not only assumes one's opponents are mistaken, but also accuses them of believing the mistakes because of their motives or some accidental features of who they are.

Hence, there are as many varieties of this fallacy as there are varieties of people and motives. A few examples are when the fallacious critic appeals to the arguer's profession, motives or personal wishes, political or religious affiliation, racial identity, etc.

Appeal to profession
  • A mathematician argues: "2+2=4 because 2 is half of 4".
  • A literature professor scoffs: "You only say that because you are a mathematician."

(The literature professor assumes 2+2 does not in fact equal 4 and explains why the mathematician is wrong by saying that professional commitment requires it.)

  • Salesperson: "This car has the best gas mileage of its class according to Consumer Reports."
  • Car buyer: "That's a lie. But then again, you are a car salesman and just want me to buy that car."

(The car buyer assumes the car does not get good gas mileage and attempts to undermine the salesperson's claim by appealing to self-interest.)

Appeal to identity
  • Female Panelist: "Men face common instances of discrimination."
  • Feminist: "You only say so because of your internalized misogyny."

(The feminist assumes that men do not face common instances of discrimination and uses the construct of internalized misogyny to explain why the panelist is incorrect.)

  • Socialist: "The economy is not doing well because taxes are too low."
  • Capitalist: "You are such a bad economist because you want socialism to survive and thrive."

(The capitalist assumes the socialist economist's only motive in saying this is due to his support of socialism.)

Examples from philosophy

George Rey assumes that the arguments for theism are bad and explains why theists call themselves believers (namely, they are self-deceived).[6] Though he might be able to give direct and devastating objections to the arguments for theism, in this paper he simply assumes they are bad and proceeds to explain why "smart people like Aquinas and Descartes" are taken in by them. Hence, the paper arguably commits Bulverism. It is akin to the fallacy from theists assuming that atheists are wrong in not believing in gods and explaining why they are wrong, for example that they are self-deceived or wicked (see Paul Vitz).

Threat and remedy

The special threat of this fallacy lies in that it applies equally to the person who errs as to that person's opponent. Taken to its logical consequence, it implies that all arguments are unreliable and hence undermines all rational thought. Lewis says, "Until Bulverism is crushed, reason can play no effective part in human affairs. Each side snatches it early as a weapon against the other; but between the two reason itself is discredited."[1]

The remedy, according to Lewis, is to accept that some reasoning is not tainted by the reasoner.[7] Some arguments are valid and some conclusions true, regardless of the identity and motives of the one who argues them.

See also

Notes and references
  1. Lewis 1971, p. 225.
  2. Lewis, Clive Staples (29 March 1941), "Notes on the Way", Time and Tide, XXII.
  3. Lewis 1971, p. xv.
  4. Lewis, Clive Staples (June 1944), "Bulverism", The Socratic digest (2): 16–20.
  5. Lewis 1971, p. 223.
  6. Rey, George (2005). The Experience of Philosophy (PDF) (6 ed.). Oxford. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  7. Lewis 1971, p. 226.

Bibliography
  • Lewis, Clive Staples (1971), Hooper, Walter (ed.), Undeceptions: Essays on Theology and Ethics, London: Geoffrey Bles.
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