Bury St Edmunds witch trials

The trial was instigated by Matthew Hopkins, the self-proclaimed Witchfinder General[9] and conducted at a special court under John Godbolt.[10] On 27 August 1645, no fewer than 18 people were executed by hanging at Bury St Edmunds. 16 of the 18 people executed that day were women, accounting for 89% of the total.[11] Among the executed was:

• Anne Alderman, Rebecca Morris and Mary Bacon of Chattisham
• Mary Clowes of Yoxford
• Sarah Spindler, Jane Linstead, Thomas Everard (cooper) and his wife Mary of Halesworth
• Mary Fuller of Combs, near Stowmarket
• John Lowes, Vicar of Brandeston
• Susan Manners, Jane Rivet and Mary Skipper of Copdock, near Ipswich
• Mary Smith of Great Glemham
• Margery Sparham of Mendham
• Katherine Tooly of Westleton.
• Anne Leech and Anne Wright, origin unknown.[12]

It has been estimated that all of the English witch trials between the early 15th and early 18th centuries resulted in fewer than 500 executions, so this one trial, with its 18 executions, accounted for 3.6% of that total.[13]

Witch Finder General, from a broadside published by Matthew Hopkins before 1650.

According to John Stearn(e)[14] known at various times as the witch–hunter,[15][16] and "witch pricker",[17] associate to Matthew Hopkins, in his book A Confirmation and Discovery of Witchcraft there were one hundred and twenty others in gaol awaiting trial, of these 17 were men,[18] Thomas Ady in 1656 writes of "about a hundred",[19] though others record "almost 200".[20] Following a three-week adjournment made necessary by the advancing King's Army,[21] the second sitting of the court resulted in 68 other "condemnations";[21][22] though reports say – "mass executions of sixty or seventy witches".[23][24] Both Hopkins and Stearne treated the search for, and trials of witches as military campaigns, as shown in their choice of language in both seeking support for and reporting their endeavours.[25] There was much to keep the minds of Parliamentarians busy at this time with the Royalist Army heading towards Cambridgeshire, but concern about the events unfolding were being voiced. Prior to the trial a report was carried to the Parliament – "...as if some busie men had made use of some ill Arts to extort such confession;..."[11] that a special Commission of Oyer and Terminer was granted for the trial of these Witches.[11] After the trial and execution the Moderate Intelligencer, a parliamentary paper published during the English Civil War, in an editorial of 4–11 September 1645 expressed unease with the affairs in Bury:

But whence is it that Devils should choose to be conversant with silly Women that know not their right hands from their left, is the great wonder ... The(y) will meddle with none but poore old women: as appears by what we receive this day from Bury ... Divers[26] are condemned and some executed and more like to be. Life is precious and there is need of great inquisition before it is taken away.[25][27]

This took place on 10 March 1662,[28] when two elderly widows, Rose Cullender and Amy Denny (or Deny or Duny), living in Lowestoft, were accused of witchcraft by their neighbours and faced 13 charges of the bewitching of several young children between the ages of a few months to 18 years old, resulting in one death.[29] They may have been aware of each other, inhabiting a small town,[30] but Cullender was from a property-owning family, whilst Denny was the widow of a labourer.[31] Their one other link was the fact that they had tried and failed to purchase herring from a Lowestoft merchant, Samuel Pacy.[32] His two daughters Elizabeth,[33] and Deborah[34] were "victims" of the accused and, along with their aunt, Samuel Pacy's sister Margaret, gave evidence against the women.[35] They were tried at the Assize held in Bury St Edmunds under the auspices of the 1603 Witchcraft Act,[36] by one of England's most eminent judges of the time Sir Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer.[37] The jury found them guilty of the thirteen charges of using malevolent witchcraft, and the judge sentenced them to death. They were hanged at Bury St Edmunds on 17 March 1662.

Thomas Browne, the philosopher, physician and author, attended the trial.[38] His reporting of similar events that had occurred in Denmark influenced the jury of the guilt of the accused.[39][40] He also testified that "the young girls accusing Denny and Cullander were afflicted with organic problems, but that they undoubtedly also had been bewitched".[41] He had expressed his belief in the existence of witches twenty years earlier,[39] and that only: "they that doubt of these, do not only deny them, but spirits; and are obliquely, and upon consequence a sort not of infidels, but atheists"[42] in his work Religio Medici, published in 1643:

... how so many learned heads should so farre forget their Metaphysicks, and destroy the ladder and scale of creatures, as to question the existence of Spirits: for my part, I have ever beleeved, and doe now know, that there are Witches;

The original pamphlet A Tryal of Witches, taken from a contemporary report of the proceedings, erroneously dates the trial as March 1664, both on the front page and introduction. Original documents in the Public Record Office[43] and other contemporary records clearly states it took place in the 14th year of the reign of Charles II (30 January 1662 to 29 January 1663).[44][45]

This case became a model for, and was referenced in, the Salem Witch Trials in Massachusetts, when the magistrates were looking for proof that spectral evidence could be used in a court of law.[36][46][47] Reverend John Hale, whose wife was accused at Salem, in his publication, Modest Inquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft, noted how the judges consulted for precedents and lists the 60-page publication A Tryal of Witches.[24]

Cotton Mather, in his 1693 book The Wonders of the Invisible World, concerning the Salem Witch Trials, specifically draws attention to the Suffolk trial,[48] and the Salem judge stated that although spectral evidence should be allowed in order to begin investigations, it should not be admitted as evidence to decide a case.[49]

Another recorded witch trial in Bury St Edmunds was in 1655 when a mother and daughter by the name of Boram were tried and said to have been hanged. The last was in 1694 when Lord Chief Justice Sir John Holt, "who did more than any other man in English history to end the prosecution of witches",[50] forced the acquittal of Mother Munnings' of Hartis (Hartest[51]) on charges of prognostications causing death.[52] The chief charge was 17 years old, the second brought by a man on his way home from an alehouse. Sir John "so well directed the jury that she was acquitted".[53]