California Coastal Commission

The California Coastal Commission (CCC) is a state agency within the California Natural Resources Agency with quasi-judicial control of land and public access in the "coastal zone" along the shoreline and up to five miles inland. The Commission's mission is defined in the California Coastal Act, including to "protect" and "enhance" California's coast.[2][3]

California Coastal Commission
California Coastal Commission Logo
Agency overview
Formed1972 (1972)
JurisdictionCalifornia
HeadquartersSan Francisco
Employees164[1]
Annual budget$33 million (FY2021-22)[1]
Agency executive
  • Jack Ainsworth, Executive Director
Parent agencyCalifornia Natural Resources Agency
Websitecoastal.ca.gov

It regulates land use on a section of land from the state's 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of shoreline extending inland by up to five miles. It has the authority to control construction of any type, including buildings, housing, roads, as well as fire and erosion abatement structures, and can issue fines for construction it did not approve.

Critics say it has exceeded its mission, violated property rights of citizens, and worsened California's housing shortage by limiting housing supply while advocates say that it has protected open space, views, habitats, and coastal access.

History
Northern California Coast as seen from Muir Beach Overlook
Coastal Commission budget expenditures starting in 1972[4][5]

The California Coastal Commission (CCC) was established in 1972 by voter initiative via Proposition 20.[6][7] This was partially in response to the controversy surrounding the development of Sea Ranch, a planned coastal community in Sonoma County. Sea Ranch's developer-architect, Al Boeke, envisioned a community that would preserve the area's natural beauty.[8][9] But the plan for Sea Ranch eventually grew to encompass 10 miles (16 km) of the Sonoma County coastline that would have been reserved for private use. This and other similar coastal projects prompted opponents such as Peter M. Douglas, a self-described "radical pagan heretic" and subsequent Executive Director of the California Coastal Commission, to form activist groups.[10] Douglas's and others' efforts eventually led to putting Proposition 20, of which Douglas was the principal author, on the ballot.[8][10]

Proposition 20 gave the Coastal Commission permit authority for four years. The California Coastal Act of 1976 extended the Coastal Commission's authority indefinitely.[11] Peter M. Douglas helped write the act in addition to prop 20 and was subsequently employed as the Executive Director of the Coastal Commission for 26 years.[10]

The agency is tasked with protection of coastal resources, including shoreline public access and recreation, lower cost visitor accommodations,[12] terrestrial and marine habitat protection, visual resources, landform alteration, agricultural lands, commercial fisheries, industrial uses, water quality, offshore oil and gas development, transportation, development design, power plants, ports, and public works.[7] The Commission's responsibilities are described in the California Coastal Act, especially the Chapter 3 policies.[13]

Accounting for 164 percent inflation, the commission's total funding declined 26 percent from $22.1 million in 1980 ($13.5 million in then-current dollars) to $16.3 million in 2010.[14] The commission's full-time staff fell from 212 in 1980 to 125 in 2010.[15] There are 16 Commission employees working in the enforcement function to investigate violations along the 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of coastline. The Commission's total budget for fiscal year 2019-2020 was $32,086,000[16] The total compensation of the Commission's executive director John L. Ainsworth was $254,000 in 2019, Charles F. Lester's was $177,000 in 2015, and Peter M. Douglas's was $213,000 in 2011.[17] Including the proposed budget for fiscal year 2021-22, the cumulative expenses of the Commission since 2007 exceed $348 million.[4]

Authority

Development activities are broadly defined by the Coastal Act to include (among others) construction of buildings, divisions of land, and activities that change the intensity of use of land or public access to coastal waters. Development usually requires a Coastal Development Permit from either the Coastal Commission or the local government if such development would occur within the Coastal Zone.[7] The Coastal Zone is specifically defined by law as an area that extends from the State's seaward boundary of jurisdiction, and inland for a distance from the Mean High Tide Line of between a couple of hundred feet in urban areas, to up to five miles in rural areas.[2]

The state authority controls construction along the state's 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of shoreline.[18] State Route 1 is prohibited from being widened beyond one lane in each direction within rural areas inside the Coastal Zone, per Public Resources Code section 30254.[19]

The Commission is composed of 12 voting members, 6 chosen from the general public, and 6 appointed elected officials.[20] Being on the Commission can carry responsibilities which are highly politicized.[18] The 12 appointed commissioners control zoning, compel property alterations, impose fines, bestow construction approvals or vetoes, and require public thoroughfares on private property.[21][2]

The Coastal Commission has the ability to overrule local elected representatives and has also gained the ability to fine private citizens.[21][22] The agency has sought enforcement through the courts as it originally did not have the power to issue fines on its own to alleged violators. A bill in the California legislature to grant the commission a broad power to issue fines was defeated in September 2013.[23] However legislation attached to the state budget in the summer of 2014[24] finally granted the authority to impose fines on violators of public-access which could apply to about a third of the backlog of over 2,000 unresolved enforcement cases.[25][26] The first notable fines were issued in December 2016 against Malibu property owners Dr. Warren M. Lent and his wife, for 4.2 million dollars, and Simon and Daniel Mani, owners of the Malibu Beach Inn, who settled amicably for $925,000. The difference in severity of the fines were attributed to the "egregious" nature of the Lent case.[27]

The Commission recommended cities implement managed retreat philosophies allowing oceans to naturally erode developments thereby nourishing beaches with reclaimed sand made of disintegrated former properties.[28][29][30]

Critics of the Commission's authority say it has exceeded its mission, violated the constitutional property rights of citizens, and worsened the California housing shortage by limiting housing supply.[31][32][33] Advocates such as Mary Shallenberger, a former Commissioner, say the Commission has protected open space, views, habitats, and coastal access, and should be given authority to control housing to a greater extent.[34]

University of California researchers discovered the Commission drove up housing prices by limiting supply, worsening the California housing shortage.[35][36] Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, found that housing within the Commission’s jurisdiction was 20% more expensive than comparable adjacent dwellings.[35] A study conducted at the University of California, Santa Barbara discovered that the Commission increased housing prices by restricting supply thereby “harming renters, future home buyers, and owners of undeveloped land.”[36] Existing homeowners in the Commission's jurisdiction were beneficiaries of the price increase.[36]

Local coastal programs

A "local coastal program" is the official name for a zoning plan controlled by the Commission but administered by a local agency. The Commission can retake granular control of any project if it is appealed.[7] An appeal will take approximately 6–8 months on average to reach a final decision and may take longer to resolve more complicated appeals.[35]

The Commission is the primary agency which issues Coastal Development Permits. However, once a local agency (a County, City, or Port) has a Local Coastal Program (LCP) which has been certified by the Commission, that agency takes over the responsibility for issuing Coastal Development Permits. For areas with Certified LCP's, the Commission does not issue Coastal Development permits (except in certain areas where the Commission retains jurisdiction, i.e. public trust lands), and is instead responsible for reviewing amendments to a local agency's LCP, or reviewing Coastal Development Permits issued by local agencies which have been appealed to the Commission.[7]

A Local Coastal Program is composed of a Land Use Plan (LUP) and an Implementation Plan (IP). A Land Use Plan details the Land Uses which are permissible in each part of the local government's area, and specifies the general policies which apply to each Land Use. The Land Use can be a part of a local government's general plan. The Implementation Plan is responsible for implementing the policies contained in the Land Use Plan. The Implementation Plan is generally a part of the City's Zoning code.[37]

Using its quasi-judicial legal authority, and also by litigating before independent courts, the Commission has fined residents millions of dollars,[22][38][39][27] compelled property alterations,[21][40] required public thoroughfares on private property,[41][27][42] as well as blocked, disrupted, and penalized the construction of fire-mitigation infrastructure, homes, offices, and roads.[21][43][44][45] Some citizens have resisted, and the Commission has pursued cases up to the U.S. Supreme Court.

U.S. Supreme Court Cases

The Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the 1987 case of Nollan v. California Coastal Commission that a requirement by the agency was a taking in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Coastal Commission had required that a lateral public easement along the Nollans' beachfront lot be dedicated to facilitate pedestrian access to public beaches as a condition of approval of a permit to demolish an existing bungalow and replace it with a three-bedroom house. The Coastal Commission had asserted that the public-easement condition was imposed to promote the legitimate state interest of diminishing the "blockage of the view of the ocean" caused by construction of the larger house. The court, in a narrow decision, ruled that an "essential nexus" must exist between the legitimate state interest and the permit condition imposed by government.[46]

The Commission won its attempt to regulate property owned by Granite Rock Company of Watsonville, California in the United States Supreme Court case California Coastal Comm'n v. Granite Rock Co.[47]

Fines issued

The Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Half Moon Bay was ordered to pay $1.6 million in penalties for failing to provide public access to its nearby beaches in 2019. Cars of hotel guests and golfers would be parked in public spaces by the valets or public access was simply denied to those spaces.[48]

The Coastal Commission fined a couple $1.5 million for building their home in Topanga Canyon without adequate permits. Using the civil provision of the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, which allows individuals to seek damages for corrupt government actions, the couple got their chance to show that they were victims of government fraud. A jury found that two county building officials defrauded the couple in a racketeering enterprise designed to extort money for building permits.[22]

In 2020, the Commission fined 33 Newport Beach residents a total of $1.7 million because their yards encroached on the beach, and required that the beach be returned to its natural state.[38]

The Commission fined the owner of Oceanaire Apartments $1.45 million for not maintaining a stairway on the property, and for erosion mitigation work without sufficient permits. The Commission said the stairway owned by apartment complex must be opened as a public thoroughfare for beachgoers. Apartment staff said they were working on repairs, but it wasn't fast enough. The Commission sent a cease and desist order.[49][50][42]

The Lent family was fined $4.18 million for keeping a gate on their property that blocked access to the beach in Malibu, CA. The Commission preferred a public thoroughfare for beachgoers on the Lent's property.[27]

The Commission fined Simon and Daniel Mani, owners of the Malibu Beach Inn, who settled "amicably" for $925,000. The Commission wanted the owners to build and finance two public stairways from the state parks parking lot next door down to the beach.[27][51]

To assuage the Commission for violating permits during his wedding in Big Sur, Sean Parker, a billionaire former president of Facebook made an app for the Commission to help visitors discover beaches and report violators. He also paid $2.5 million in penalties.[52]

The Commission fined a hotel builder $15 million for building a new hotel without a permit in Santa Monica.[53]

While upgrading power poles from wood to steel to mitigate wildfire risk, the City of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power damaged Astragalus brauntonii plants. The permits were also insufficient so the Commission fined LADWP $1.9 million and issued a cease and desist order.[45][54]

The Commission fined a family $1 million and issued a cease and desist order because the family renovated their 1950s house and existing seawall in Laguna Beach to prevent erosion without sufficient permits. The Commission also ordered the family to tear down the seawall protecting their home. The City of Laguna Beach filed an amicus brief in support of the homeowners in an effort to defend them from the Commission, but failed.[39][55]

Construction blocked

The Commission blocked the construction of a road through San Onofre State Park in San Diego County that would have provided an alternate route to congested Interstate 5, Southern California’s main north-south artery.[21][56]

The Commission delayed construction of a two-story Newport Beach office building and garage with space for two tenants because neighbors objected to the project's potential effect on traffic, noise, light, and views.[44]

The Commission compelled residents to eliminate the basements of planned homes in Monterey because there was no way to be completely certain there were no artifacts on the sites, reversing the Monterey County Board of Supervisors' approval of the projects.[40]

The Commission blocked up to 400 apartments from being built at a run-down gateway to Channel Islands Harbor in Ventura County.[43]

Santa Cruz city planners tried to approve 175 apartments to be built downtown adjacent to a bus station. The Commission opposed the project because of insufficient plan conformity with height and density. Commission district supervisor Ryan Maroney said the mass and scale of a building would impact the "coastal resources" of views, community character and aesthetics.[57][58][59]

The Commission blocked 895 homes, a hotel, and shops from being built on an Orange County oil field overlooking the Pacific Ocean. The denial was an expression of frustration with competing staff and developer proposals.[60]

60 homes in Dana Point, CA, were endangered by landslides, so families tried to place boulders beside their homes to protect themselves. The Commission denied their petition, preferring "coastal migration."[61]

The Commission denied the Remmenga family's petition to build a home one mile from the beach in Hollister Ranch unless the public were allowed access through their property. Alternatively, the Remmengas were given the opportunity to pay the Commission $5,000.[32][62]

Other

A Commission investigation found the city of Long Beach guilty of pruning palm trees that contained more than one Heron bird nest. One fledgling bird was found on the ground in the vicinity of the arborists' work. The bird passed away. Proposed penalties include planting trees, more tree-trimming oversight, and fines.[63]

Birds were disturbed by 4th of July fireworks by Gualala, CA. In response, the Commission issued a cease and desist order banning the holiday display.[64][65][66]

The Commission said Vinod Khosla must create a public thoroughfare for beachgoers to access Martins beach on his private property.[41][67][68]

The Commission banned Seaworld from breeding killer whales.[69][70][71]

The Mayor of Malibu, CA relayed “the Commission basically tells us what to do, and we’re expected to do it, and in many cases that extends down to the smallest details imaginable, like what color you paint your houses, what kind of light bulbs you can use in certain places.”[21]

Further reading
  • Blank, Steve (June 2014). "Lessons learned in six and a half years serving on the California Coastal Commission".
  • Faust, Ralph (June 2019). "This Pritzker Brief analyzes the processes and procedures that the California Coastal Commission utilizes in making "quasi-judicial decisions."". UCLA Law.
  • "Some Facts About Public Prescriptive Rights" (PDF). Coastal Public Access Program. California Coastal Commission. 2001.

References
  1. "2021-22 Governor's Budget, 3720 California Coastal Commission". State of California Department of Finance. September 2012. Retrieved Feb 4, 2021.
  2. Coastal Act Section 30103. Coastal.ca.gov.
  3. California Coastal Commission, website.
  4. State of California Department of Finance (January 8, 2021). "California Budget". Retrieved 2021-02-04.
  5. "Budget Briefings". California Coastal Commission. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  6. A voter Information Guide for Californians in the 1972 General Election
  7. Who We Are. Coastal.ca.gov. 2011. Retrieved 28-01-2011.
  8. Woo, Elaine (2011-11-20). "Al Boeke dies at 88; 'father' of Northern California's Sea Ranch". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
  9. Hevesi, Dennis (2011-11-16). "Al Boeke, Architect Who Sought Ecological Harmony, Is Dead at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
  10. "Peter M. Douglas dies at 69; California Coastal Commission chief". Los Angeles Times. 4 April 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  11. "Publix Resources Code: Division 20. California Coastal Act. Chapter 3. Coastal Resources Planning and Management Policies". RegsToday.com. September 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-12-20. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  12. "Susan Craig – Correspondence". Archived from the original on 2016-08-28. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  13. "Sections 30200 - 30265.5". California Public Resources Code. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  14. "Proposed Budget Detail: 3720 Coastal Commission". Governor's Budget 2010-11. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  15. Ellison, Katherine (May 7, 2010). "Leading the Coastal Commission for 25 Years, a Crusader and Lightning Rod". The New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  16. "Enacted Budget for FY 2019-20/Close-Out of FY 2018-19 Budget". California Coastal Commission Enacted Budget. August 30, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  17. "Coastal Commission". Transparent California, California's largest public pay and pension database. 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  18. Coastal commission looking very green. Mike Lee. San Diego Union Tribune. 18-01-2011. Retrieved 28-01-2011.
  19. "PUBLIC RESOURCES CODE SECTION 30254". California Legislative Information. State of California. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
  20. Weikel, Dan & Barboza, Tony (2 February 2016). "35 former members of California Coastal Commission oppose effort to oust executive director". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  21. Steinhauer, Jennifer (February 23, 2008). "In California, Coastal Commission Wields Vast Power". New York Times. Retrieved Dec 21, 2020.
  22. Smith, Doug (August 24, 1997). "A blow against bureaucracy: A couple who built a small house with their own hands ended up with criminal records and a $1.5-million fine, but now they've won". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
  23. Barboza, Tony (September 10, 2013). "Bill to give Coastal Commission power to levy fines is rejected". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
  24. "An act to amend Section 12025 of the Fish and Game Code, to amend Sections 8574.4, 8574.7, 8574.8, 8670.2, 8670.3, 8670.5, 8670.7, 8670.8, 8670.8.3, 8670.8.5, 8670.9, 8670.12, 8670.14, 8670.19, 8670.25, 8670.25.5, 8670.26, 8670.27, 8670.28, 8670.29, 8670.30.5, 8670.31, 8670.32, 8670.33, 8670.34, 8670.35, 8670.36, 8670.37, 8670.37.5, 8670.37.51, 8670.37.52, 8670.37.53, 8670.37.55, 8670.37.58, 8670.40, 8670.42, 8670.47.5, 8670.48, 8670.48.3, 8670.49, 8670.50, 8670.51, 8670.53, 8670.54, 8670.55, 8670.56.5, 8670.56.6, 8670.61.5, 8670.62, 8670.64, 8670.66, 8670.67, 8670.67.5, 8670.69.4, and 8670.71 of, to add Sections 8670.7.5, 8670.40.5, and 8670.95 to, and to repeal Section 8670.69.7 of, the Government Code, to amend Section 449 of the Harbors and Navigation Code, to amend and repeal Sections 116760.60, 116761.21, 116761.22, 116761.24, and 116761.80 of, and to amend, repeal, and add Sections 116760.10, 116760.20, 116760.30, 116760.39, 116760.40, 116760.42, 116760.43, 116760.44, 116760.46, 116760.50, 116760.55, 116760.70, 116760.79, 116760.80, 116760.90, 116761, 116761.20, 116761.23, 116761.40, 116761.50, 116761.60, 116761.62, 116761.65, 116761.70, 116761.85, 116762.60, and 131110 of, and to add Section 116271 to, the Health and Safety Code, to amend Sections 541.5, 2705, 3160, 3161, 4629.5, 4629.6, 4629.7, 4629.8, 5009, 5010.6, 5010.6.5, 5010.7, 14507.5, 14552, 14581, 21190, 31012, 42476, 42872.1, 42885.5, 42889, 48653, and 71116 of, to add Sections 14581.1 and 30821 to, to add Division 12.5 (commencing with Section 17000) to, and to add and repeal Article 1.5 (commencing with Section 5019.10) of Chapter 1 of Division 5 of, the Public Resources Code, to amend Sections 379.6, 1807, and 2851 of the Public Utilities Code, to amend Sections 46002, 46006, 46007, 46010, 46013, 46017, 46023, 46028, and 46101 of, to add Section 46001.5 to, to repeal Sections 46008, 46014, 46015, 46016, 46019, 46024, and 46025 of, and to repeal and add Sections 46011, 46018, and 46027 of, the Revenue and Taxation Code, to amend Section 5024 of the Vehicle Code, and to amend Sections 10783 and 13272 of, to amend, repeal, and add Sections 174, 13350, 13478, and 13485 of, and to add Section 13528.5 to, the Water Code, relating to public resources, and making an appropriation therefor, to take effect immediately, bill related to the budget". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  25. Barboza, Tony (June 30, 2014) "Blocking Californians' beach access will soon carry a hefty fine" Los Angeles Times
  26. Moore, Duncan Joseph; Roy, Jennifer; Stromberg, Winston (August 25, 2014) "California Coastal Commission Further Solidifies Enforcement Powers" Latham and Watkins
  27. Weikel, Dan. "Two Malibu property owners fined $5.1 million for blocking access to public beach". latimes.com. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
  28. St John, Alison (August 1, 2019). "Coastal Cities Wrestling With 'Managed Retreat' Ramifications Of Rising Sea Levels". KPBS. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
  29. Diehl, Phil (October 18, 2019). "California coastal regulators blast Del Mar for rejecting 'retreat' from sea-level rise". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
  30. Allyn, Richard (October 7, 2019). "Del Mar takes up issue of rising sea levels threatening low-lying homes. San Diego Padres legend Trevor Hoffman was among dozens of Del Mar homeowners who spoke out against the California Coastal Commission's 'managed retreat' plan". CBS8. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
  31. Los Angeles Times Editorial Board (October 8, 2015). "California Coastal Commission goes too far on SeaWorld". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved Jan 7, 2021.
  32. Breemer, David (2015). "What Property Rights: The California Coastal Commission's History of Abusing Land Rights and Some Thoughts on the Underlying Causes" (PDF). UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy. Retrieved Jan 7, 2021.
  33. Orange County Register Editorial Board (April 5, 2017). "Coastal Commission is the real Goliath". Orange County Register. Retrieved Jan 7, 2021.
  34. "Shallenberger", "Mary" (February 8, 2019). "Return the Coastal Commission's authority to help relieve the affordable housing crisis". Orange County Register. Retrieved Jan 7, 2021.
  35. "The Housing Market Effects of Discrete Land Use Regulations: Evidence from the California Coastal Boundary Zone". Journal of Housing Economics, UCLA School of Law. February 10, 2011. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  36. "The effect of the California Coastal Commission on housing prices". Journal of Urban Economics. July 27, 1983. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  37. The Role of Local Governments. Coastal.ca.gov. 2011. Retrieved 10-05-2011.
  38. Wisckol, Martin (2020-06-11). "Coastal Commission approves $1.7 million in fines for illegal beach yards in Newport Beach". Orange County Register. The beachfront homeowners on Peninsula Point, on the east end of the Balboa Peninsula, had earlier agreed to pay the penalties pending commission approval. Individual fines range from $6,300 to $134,000 per home while the city has agreed to spend an estimated $545,000 to restore the stretch of beach to its natural state.
  39. "IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION THREE, 11 LAGUNITA, LLC et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION, Defendant and Appellant". The Court Of Appeal Of The State Of California Fourth Appellate District Division Three. December 12, 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
  40. Johnson, Jim (July 16, 2020). "Coastal Commission: Trio of Carmel Point homes must eliminate basements". Monterey Herald. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  41. Kanales, Katie (January 27, 2020). "Tech billionaire Vinod Khosla has sued California and a county sheriff in what is the latest battle in the investor's fight to keep a beach near his $37 million estate to himself". Business Insider. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  42. Fehely, Devin (April 11, 2018). "Pacifica Apartment Complex Atop Eroding Coastal Cliff Faces Hefty Fine". KPIX 5 CBS. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  43. Wilson, Kathleen (August 13, 2020). "Fisherman's Wharf project derailed with Coastal Commission defeat". Ventura County Star. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  44. Davis, Hillary (August 14, 2020). "Coastal Commission to hear appeal of Newport office project". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  45. "STAFF REPORT: Recommendations and Findings for Consent Cease and Desist Order No. CCC-20-CD-03 and Consent Restoration Order No. CCC-20-RO-02" (PDF). California Coastal Commission. October 16, 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  46. Nollan v. California Coastal Commission, 483 U.S. 825 (Supreme Court of the United States 1987).
  47. CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION, et al., Appellants, v. GRANITE ROCK COMPANY, 480 U.S. 572 (Supreme Court of the United States 1987).
  48. "Ritz-Carlton Hotel fined for blocking access to public beaches at Half Moon Bay". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. June 14, 2019. Retrieved 2019-06-16.
  49. "STAFF REPORT: RECOMMENDATIONS AND FINDINGS FOR CONSENT CEASE AND DESIST ORDER, CONSENT RESTORATION ORDER, AND CONSENT ADMINISTRATIVE CIVIL PENALTY" (PDF). California Coastal Commission. March 29, 2018. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  50. Brinkly, Leslie (April 6, 2017). "California Coastal Commission concerned over Pacifica trail access". ABC 7 News. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  51. Tallal, Jimy (April 4, 2018). "Malibu Beach Inn Crosswalk Really is Part of California Coastal Commission Agreement". The Malibu Times. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  52. Yost, Chip (December 13, 2018). "Tech Billionaire Teams up With California Coastal Commission to Build App for Finding Hidden Beaches". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
  53. Barragan, Bianca (May 9, 2019). "Santa Monica developer hit with record $15M fine for building fancy hotel on Ocean Avenue". Curbed Los Angeles. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  54. Solis, Nathan (November 4, 2020). "LA to Pay $1.9 Million for Utility Crew Damage to Endangered Plants". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  55. Wisckol, Martin (January 7, 2021). "Courts again reject bid to preserve illegal Laguna Beach seawall". East Bay Times. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  56. Weikel, Dan (2016-11-10). "Settlement ends the threat of a toll road through San Onofre State Beach". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  57. Meyberg Guzman, Kara (November 17, 2020). "Legal threat delays wharf plan in Santa Cruz". Santa Cruz Local. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
  58. Meyberg Guzman, Kara (December 6, 2020). "Coastal Commission, Santa Cruz staff clash on housing proposal". Santa Cruz Local. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
  59. "City of Santa Cruz Front St/Riverfront Project Page". Santa Cruz, California. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
  60. Boxall, Bettina (September 7, 2016). "A massive 895-home development on Southern California's coast is shot down". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  61. Wisckol, Martin (January 17, 2021). "Dana Point landslide drama likely to be replayed elsewhere along California coast". East Bay Times. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  62. "ALVIN J. REMMENGA et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION, Defendant and Respondent". Court of Appeals of California, Second Appellate District, Division Six. January 14, 1985. Retrieved 2021-01-28.
  63. Saltzgaver, Harry (May 14, 2020). "Coastal Commission charges Long Beach with pattern of illegal tree trimming". Grunion Gazette. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
  64. Glionna, John (July 3, 2008). "Fireworks over fireworks". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  65. Fimrite, Peter (July 20, 2008). "Gualala residents explode over fireworks ban". SFGate. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  66. Anderson, Glenda (June 10, 2010). "Coastal Commission has authority to balance Gualala's fireworks, sea birds' safety". The Press Democrat. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  67. Bowles, Nellie (August 30, 2018). "Every Generation Gets the Beach Villan it Deserves". The New York Times. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  68. Xia, Rosanna (January 6, 2020). "California sues Silicon Valley billionaire over Martins Beach public access". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  69. "Coastal Commission Bans SeaWorld From Breeding Killer Whales". KPBS. October 9, 2015. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  70. Martin, Hugo (December 29, 2015). "SeaWorld Sues Coastal Commission over "no breeding" claus added to orca project". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  71. "SeaWorld to challenge Coastal Commission over orca restrictions". San Diego Community Newspaper Group. November 15, 2015. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.