Calumet, Michigan

Calumet (/ˌkæljʊˈmɛt/ or /ˈkæljʊˌmɛt/ KAL-yuu-MET) is a village in Calumet Township, Houghton County, in the U.S. state of Michigan's Upper Peninsula, that was once at the center of the mining industry of the Upper Peninsula. Also known as Red Jacket, the village includes the Calumet Downtown Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The village may itself be included within the Calumet Historic District, a larger area which is NRHP-listed and which is a National Historic Landmark District. It is bordered on the north by Calumet Township, on the south by the unincorporated towns of Newtown and Blue Jacket,[6][7] on the east by Blue Jacket and Calumet Township, and on the west by Yellow Jacket and Calumet Township. The population was 726 at the 2010 census. Calumet's nickname is Copper Town U.S.A.

Calumet, Michigan
Village
Looking north along 5th Street
Location within Houghton County
Calumet
Location within the state of Michigan
Coordinates: 47°14′50″N 88°27′16″W
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
CountyHoughton
TownshipCalumet
Settled1864
Area
 • Total0.20 sq mi (0.52 km2)
 • Land0.20 sq mi (0.52 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)
Elevation
1,214 ft (370 m)
Population
 • Total726
 • Estimate 
(2019)[3]
687
 • Density3,452.26/sq mi (1,331.82/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)
49913
Area code(s)906
FIPS code26-12580[4]
GNIS feature ID0622468[5]

Politics
Presidential Elections Results[8]
Year Republican Democratic Third Parties
2016 53.31% 137 36.96% 95 9.73% 25
2012 48.46% 110 49.34% 112 2.2% 5
2008 44% 110 52.8% 132 3.2% 8

History
Fifth Street, looking north, Red Jacket circa 1910
View of Calumet & Hecla Company town circa 1910

What is now Calumet was settled in 1864, originally under the name of "Red Jacket", named for a Native American Chief of the Seneca tribe. Until 1895 the name "Calumet" was used by the nearby town of Laurium, Michigan; present-day Calumet was not legally named so until 1929.[9]

Red Jacket grew due to the copper mines in the area. It was incorporated as a town in 1867. The copper mines were particularly rich; the Boston-based Calumet and Hecla Mining Company produced more than half of the United States's copper from 1871 through 1880.[10] In addition to copper mining and smelting, the region also supported the dairy industry and truck farming. Many immigrants (from Poland, etc.) settled there in the late 19th century.[11]

The victims in rough caskets, 1913

By 1900, Red Jacket had a population of 4,668, and Calumet Township, which contained Red Jacket and nearby mining towns, had a population of 25,991. However, in 1913, Red Jacket suffered from the Copper Country Strike of 1913-1914, and the population began to decline. In the same year, the town was the site of the Italian Hall Disaster. Striking miners and their families were gathered on Christmas Eve for a party in Italian Hall, when the cry of "fire" precipitated a stampede that crushed or suffocated seventy-three victims, the majority of them children. The identity of the person(s) who started the stampede has never been determined. Folk singer Woody Guthrie's song, "1913 Massacre", is based on this event.

Loss of wartime demand caused the copper price to drop following World War I. With the decreased demand for copper, thousands left Red Jacket in the 1920s, many moving to Detroit, Michigan, where the automobile industry was booming.

During the Great Depression, almost all mines were shut down. As a result, many miners and their families left to find work. In 1950, the population of Calumet was 1,256 people. Small-time mining continued in the area, particularly during World War II, until it was shut down completely by a labor strike in 1968.


Calumet c. 1900 from east (Oak Street in foreground; note the twin steeples of St. Paul's in right center)

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.20 square miles (0.52 km2), all of it land.[12]

Calumet is at an elevation of 1,209 feet (369 m) above sea level. The village of Calumet sits on 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of underground mine shafts, drifts and stopes, empty for many decades. Large portions of the Keweenaw National Historical Park are located inside the village limits, mostly covering the intricate complex of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company's main operations.

Transportation

Airport

Houghton County Memorial Airport (KCMX), largely in nearby Oneco, serves Calumet, Houghton County and the surrounding communities.

Bus

Indian Trails used to operate a route connecting Calumet and Milwaukee.

Train

Calumet was host to a number of railroad routes, including:

People and culture

Food

One of the biggest parts of the food culture of not only Calumet, but the entire Copper Country, is the pasty. This was a main part of copper miners' diets. A pasty is a mixture of meat, potatoes, rutabaga, carrots and onions wrapped in a crust made of flour and lard. Traditionally Cornish, they have even sparked local events such as the Pasty Fest, where there are eating contests (with consumption of pasties, of course), games, events, and even a tug of war event where the losers take a dive into an inflatable pool filled with ketchup.

Theatre
The historic Calumet Theatre, opened on March 20, 1900.

The Calumet Theatre is a theater and opera house which opened in 1900. In 1898, the copper mining industry was booming, and the town had an enormous surplus in its treasury. The town council decided to spend some of the surplus on a theater. The theater hosted a large number of famous actors, musicians, and opera singers.[15] With the closing of the mines, the theater became a movie theater and fell into general disrepair for many years. In 1975, the town began a large project to repair and restore the theater, which is now used for many local and touring productions. The theatre was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 5, 1971, and is also a Michigan State Historic Site.[16] The Theatre was the original recording venues of The Red Jacket Jamboree, an old-time radio variety show heard on Michigan public radio Stations including Interlochen Public Radio and WNMU Public Radio 90.[17]

Summer activities

Every two years there is an all-school reunion for the graduates of Calumet High School. Many activities occur at this time, including a classic car show and parade.[18]

Classic cars seen in a parade in Calumet Township, with barely any of Calumet visible

Pasty Fest is a one-day event that takes place every June in downtown Calumet. The event celebrates the Cornish food staple, the pasty, which sustained Copper Country miners 100 years ago. The event includes a parade, street fair, live music, a pasty eating contest and a competition among restaurants for the best pasty.[19][20]

Churches

St. Paul the Apostle Church
St. Paul the Apostle Church

St. Paul the Apostle Church, formerly known as St. Joseph's Catholic Church, was formed in 1889 by Slovenian immigrants who came to the Calumet area to work in the booming copper mines. The first church that they built burnt down in 1902, but the church was rebuilt in sandstone by 1908.[21][22] The church "rises authoritatively over the village like a cathedral of medieval Europe." [23] When the church was completed, the cost of construction was an amazing $100,000. It is constructed of local Jacobsville sandstone, and features beautiful stained glass windows, a custom-built 19’ by 18’ pipe organ, and a beautifully painted interior. The interior of the church remains virtually unchanged architecturally.[24] In 1966, four of the five Catholic churches in the Calumet area were forced to merge because of the low number of parishioners and economic constraints. This included St. Anne's (the French church), St. John's (the Croatian church), St. Mary's (the Italian church), and St. Joseph's. The combined parish is housed in the old St. Joseph's building, and has changed its name to St. Paul the Apostle Church.[25] Today, they have a large and active congregation, which pays for the upkeep of the church.[26]

Protestant churches

The city, at one time, Calumet had six active Lutheran churches (two of which were Laestadian), three Methodist churches, as well as an Episcopal, Congregationalist, Baptist and Presbyterian church.

Today, only one Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist, and Episcopal church remain open. Additionally, another Baptist church has opened. Two of the former Lutheran churches and the Presbyterian church are still standing today but are not in use.[27]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18802,140—
18903,07343.6%
19004,66851.9%
19104,211−9.8%
19202,390−43.2%
19301,557−34.9%
19401,400−10.1%
19501,256−10.3%
19601,139−9.3%
19701,007−11.6%
19801,0130.6%
1990830−18.1%
20008795.9%
2010726−17.4%
2019 (est.)687[3]−5.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[28]

2010 census

As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 726 people, 376 households, and 161 families residing in the village. The population density was 3,630.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,401.6/km2). There were 512 housing units at an average density of 2,560.0 per square mile (988.4/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.8% White, 0.4% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population.

There were 376 households, out of which 21.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.4% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 57.2% were non-families. 48.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93 and the average family size was 2.78.

The median age in the village was 40.4 years. 20.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.5% were from 25 to 44; 27.6% were from 45 to 64; and 18.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.3% male and 50.7% female.

2000 census

As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 879 people, 387 households, and 136 families residing in the village. The population density was 4,524.2 per square mile (1,786.2/km2). There were 491 housing units at an average density of 2,527.1 per square mile (997.8/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.98% White, 0.23% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. 0.80% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 35.7% were of Finnish, 10.3% German, 9.3% Irish, 7.1% United States or American, 7.0% French and 6.5% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 95.7% spoke English, 3.0% Spanish and 1.2% Finnish as their first language.

There were 387 households, out of which 20.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 19.9% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 64.6% were non-families. 58.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.85 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.0% under the age of 18, 24.8% from 18 to 24, 21.8% from 25 to 44, 15.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $17,404, and the median income for a family was $22,750. Males had a median income of $21,667 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the village was $12,111. About 29.0% of families and 35.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 50.5% of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over.

Attractions

Some of the notable attractions in the village include:

Notable people
  • Looking down historic Fifth Street within the Village of Calumet in 2017
  • The Calumet Theater on 6th Street in 2004.
  • Downtown Calumet, including one of the historic wooden churches
  • The site of the now-razed Italian Hall. This was the site of the Italian Hall disaster, one of the most tragic events in American labour history and the climax of a bloody, tense strike. The event changed the Keweenaw forever.
  • The Village of Calumet in 2016.
  • The Miscowaubik Club of Calumet in 2011.
  • Calumet Colosseum, the world's oldest operating indoor ice arena.
  • Christmas window display at the Keweenaw Storytelling Center, Calumet, Michigan
  • Keweenaw Storytelling Center located on 5th Street in Calumet, Michigan (2020)

References
  1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  3. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  6. "Richards Family Obituaries Houghton Co., Michigan".
  7. Eckert, Katerine Bishop (1995). Buildings of Michigan (Society of Architectural Historians) (Reprint ed.). Oxford University Press, USA. p. 461. ISBN 0-19-509379-8.
  8. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. "MTU Digital Archive".
  10. Horace J. Stevens (1902) The Copper Handbook, v.2, Houghton, Mich.: Horace J. Stevens, p.1457,1466.
  11. "The Polish Pioneers of Calumet, Michigan". calumetmi.blogspot.com.
  12. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  13. Engel, Dave (2002). Calumet: Copper Country Metropolis. Rudolph, Wisconsin: River City Memoirs. ISBN 0-9722292-0-5.
  14. Molloy, Lawrence J. (2011). A Guide to Michigan's Historic Keweenaw Copper District: Photographs, Maps, and Tours of the Keweenaw—Past and Present. ISBN 978-0-979-1772-1-7.
  15. "History of the Calumet Theatre". Archived from the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
  16. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/25337646
  17. "RED JACKET JAMBOREE".
  18. "all school reunion". Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  19. http://www.mininggazette.com/news/2018/08/copper-country-festival-weekend-pasty-rules-in-calumet/
  20. Dufresne, Jim (2016). Michigan: Off the Beaten Path. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-1-4930-2635-7.
  21. St. Joseph’s Church of Calumet, Michigan. (1965). History of St. Joseph's Parish. Diamond Jubilee St. Joseph’s Church Calumet, Michigan. pp. 16–18.
  22. "St. Joseph's Golden Jubilee - Calumet, Michigan". Copper Country Online Files. 1940. pp. 16–28. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  23. Eckert, Kathryn (1993). Buildings of Michigan. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 476.
  24. St. Paul the Apostle Church pamphlet Taken from the information center in the back of St. Paul the Apostle church.
  25. "Diocese of Marquette :: 404 Page Not Found". www.dioceseofmarquette.org. Cite uses generic title (help)
  26. Yarbrough, Edward (1996). Church Architecture in the Calumet – Laurium Settlement Area, MI: A study of ethno-religious forms, regional building material, social history, and preservation issues (Thesis). University of Oregon. p. 49.
  27. "The Churches of Copper Country". Archived from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  28. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  29. "Copper Country Associated Artists – Fine Art Gallery, Studio, Workshop located in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the historic village of Calumet". Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  30. "Copper Country Firefighters History Museum". www.keweenawheritagesites.org. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  31. "National Historic Landmarks Program (NHL)". October 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 29, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
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