Category (mathematics)

There are many equivalent definitions of a category.[1] One commonly used definition is as follows. A category C consists of

• a class ob(C) of objects,
• a class hom(C) of morphisms, or arrows, or maps between the objects,
• a domain, or source object class function ${\displaystyle \mathrm {dom} \colon \mathrm {hom} (C)\rightarrow \mathrm {ob} (C)}$,
• a codomain, or target object class function ${\displaystyle \mathrm {cod} \colon \mathrm {hom} (C)\rightarrow \mathrm {ob} (C)}$,
• for every three objects a, b and c, a binary operation hom(a, b) × hom(b, c) → hom(a, c) called composition of morphisms; the composition of f : a → b and g : b → c is written as g ∘ f or gf. (Some authors use "diagrammatic order", writing f;g or fg).

Note: Here hom(a, b) denotes the subclass of morphisms f in hom(C) such that ${\displaystyle \mathrm {dom} (f)=a}$ and ${\displaystyle \mathrm {cod} (f)=b}$. Such morphisms are often written as f : a → b.

such that the following axioms hold:

• (associativity) if f : a → b, g : b → c and h : c → d then h ∘ (g ∘ f) = (h ∘ g) ∘ f, and
• (identity) for every object x, there exists a morphism 1_x : x → x (some authors write id_x) called the identity morphism for x, such that every morphism f : a → x satisfies 1_x ∘ f = f, and every morphism g : x → b satisfies g ∘ 1_x = g.

We write f: a → b, and we say "f is a morphism from a to b". We write hom(a, b) (or hom_C(a, b) when there may be confusion about to which category hom(a, b) refers) to denote the hom-class of all morphisms from a to b.[2] From these axioms, one can prove that there is exactly one identity morphism for every object. Some authors use a slight variation of the definition in which each object is identified with the corresponding identity morphism.

A category C is called small if both ob(C) and hom(C) are actually sets and not proper classes, and large otherwise. A locally small category is a category such that for all objects a and b, the hom-class hom(a, b) is a set, called a homset. Many important categories in mathematics (such as the category of sets), although not small, are at least locally small. Since, in small categories, the objects form a set, a small category can be viewed as an algebraic structure similar to a monoid but without requiring closure properties. Large categories on the other hand can be used to create "structures" of algebraic structures.

The class of all sets (as objects) together with all functions between them (as morphisms), where the composition of morphisms is the usual function composition, forms a large category, Set. It is the most basic and the most commonly used category in mathematics. The category Rel consists of all sets (as objects) with binary relations between them (as morphisms). Abstracting from relations instead of functions yields allegories, a special class of categories.

Any class can be viewed as a category whose only morphisms are the identity morphisms. Such categories are called discrete. For any given set I, the discrete category on I is the small category that has the elements of I as objects and only the identity morphisms as morphisms. Discrete categories are the simplest kind of category.

Any preordered set (P, ≤) forms a small category, where the objects are the members of P, the morphisms are arrows pointing from x to y when x ≤ y. Furthermore, if ≤ is antisymmetric, there can be at most one morphism between any two objects. The existence of identity morphisms and the composability of the morphisms are guaranteed by the reflexivity and the transitivity of the preorder. By the same argument, any partially ordered set and any equivalence relation can be seen as a small category. Any ordinal number can be seen as a category when viewed as an ordered set.

Any monoid (any algebraic structure with a single associative binary operation and an identity element) forms a small category with a single object x. (Here, x is any fixed set.) The morphisms from x to x are precisely the elements of the monoid, the identity morphism of x is the identity of the monoid, and the categorical composition of morphisms is given by the monoid operation. Several definitions and theorems about monoids may be generalized for categories.

Similarly any group can be seen as a category with a single object in which every morphism is invertible, that is, for every morphism f there is a morphism g that is both left and right inverse to f under composition. A morphism that is invertible in this sense is called an isomorphism.

A groupoid is a category in which every morphism is an isomorphism. Groupoids are generalizations of groups, group actions and equivalence relations. Actually, in the view of category the only difference between groupoid and group is that a groupoid may have more than one object but the group must have only one. Consider a topological space X and fix a base point ${\displaystyle x_{0}}$ of X, then ${\displaystyle \pi _{1}(X,x_{0})}$ is the fundamental group of the topological space X and the base point ${\displaystyle x_{0}}$, and as a set it has the structure of group; if then let the base point ${\displaystyle x_{0}}$ runs over all points of X, and take the union of all ${\displaystyle \pi _{1}(X,x_{0})}$, then the set we get has only the structure of groupoid (which is called as the fundamental groupoid of X): two loops (under equivalence relation of homotopy) may not have the same base point so they can not multiple with each other. In the language of category, this means here two morphisms may not have the same source object (or target object, because in this case for any morphism the source object and the target object are same: the base point) so they can not compose with each other.

A directed graph.

Any directed graph generates a small category: the objects are the vertices of the graph, and the morphisms are the paths in the graph (augmented with loops as needed) where composition of morphisms is concatenation of paths. Such a category is called the free category generated by the graph.

The class of all preordered sets with monotonic functions as morphisms forms a category, Ord. It is a concrete category, i.e. a category obtained by adding some type of structure onto Set, and requiring that morphisms are functions that respect this added structure.

The class of all groups with group homomorphisms as morphisms and function composition as the composition operation forms a large category, Grp. Like Ord, Grp is a concrete category. The category Ab, consisting of all abelian groups and their group homomorphisms, is a full subcategory of Grp, and the prototype of an abelian category. Other examples of concrete categories are given by the following table.

Fiber bundles with bundle maps between them form a concrete category.

The category Cat consists of all small categories, with functors between them as morphisms.

A morphism f : a → b is called

• a monomorphism (or monic) if it is left-cancellable, i.e. fg₁ = fg₂ implies g₁ = g₂ for all morphisms g₁, g₂ : x → a.
• an epimorphism (or epic) if it is right-cancellable, i.e. g₁f = g₂f implies g₁ = g₂ for all morphisms g₁, g₂ : b → x.
• a bimorphism if it is both a monomorphism and an epimorphism.
• a retraction if it has a right inverse, i.e. if there exists a morphism g : b → a with fg = 1_b.
• a section if it has a left inverse, i.e. if there exists a morphism g : b → a with gf = 1_a.
• an isomorphism if it has an inverse, i.e. if there exists a morphism g : b → a with fg = 1_b and gf = 1_a.
• an endomorphism if a = b. The class of endomorphisms of a is denoted end(a).
• an automorphism if f is both an endomorphism and an isomorphism. The class of automorphisms of a is denoted aut(a).

Every retraction is an epimorphism. Every section is a monomorphism. The following three statements are equivalent:

• f is a monomorphism and a retraction;
• f is an epimorphism and a section;
• f is an isomorphism.

Relations among morphisms (such as fg = h) can most conveniently be represented with commutative diagrams, where the objects are represented as points and the morphisms as arrows.

• In many categories, e.g. Ab or Vect_K, the hom-sets hom(a, b) are not just sets but actually abelian groups, and the composition of morphisms is compatible with these group structures; i.e. is bilinear. Such a category is called preadditive. If, furthermore, the category has all finite products and coproducts, it is called an additive category. If all morphisms have a kernel and a cokernel, and all epimorphisms are cokernels and all monomorphisms are kernels, then we speak of an abelian category. A typical example of an abelian category is the category of abelian groups.
• A category is called complete if all small limits exist in it. The categories of sets, abelian groups and topological spaces are complete.
• A category is called cartesian closed if it has finite direct products and a morphism defined on a finite product can always be represented by a morphism defined on just one of the factors. Examples include Set and CPO, the category of complete partial orders with Scott-continuous functions.
• A topos is a certain type of cartesian closed category in which all of mathematics can be formulated (just like classically all of mathematics is formulated in the category of sets). A topos can also be used to represent a logical theory.

• Enriched category
• Higher category theory
• Quantaloid
• Table of mathematical symbols

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• category in nLab