Central Siberian Yupik language

Central Siberian Yupik,[5][3][6] (also known as Siberian Yupik, Bering Strait Yupik, Yuit, Yoit, "St. Lawrence Island Yupik",[7] and in Russia "Chaplinski Yupik" or Yuk) is an endangered Yupik language spoken by the indigenous Siberian Yupik people along the coast of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Far East and in the villages of Savoonga and Gambell on St. Lawrence Island.

Central Siberian Yupik
Siberian Yupik
Yuit
Yupigestun, Akuzipigestun, Юпик
Native toUnited States, Russian Federation
RegionBering Strait region, St. Lawrence Island
Ethnicity2,828 Siberian Yupiks
Native speakers
1,000 in United States, 97% of ethnic population (2010)[1]
200 in Russia (2010), 12% of ethnic population[1]
Eskimo–Aleut
  • Eskimo
    • Yupik
      • Central Siberian Yupik
Dialects
Latin, Cyrillic
Official status
Official language in
 Alaska[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3ess (Central Siberian Yupik)[3]
Glottologcent2128  Central Siberian Yupik
ELPCentral Siberian Yupik[4]

In Alaska, it is estimated that fewer than 1000 of the 1200 residents of St. Lawrence Island speak the language, while, in Russia, approximately 200 speakers remain out of an ethnic population of 1,200.[8]

Dialects and Subgroups

Siberian Yupik has two dialects: Chaplino (Chaplinski) Yupik (Uŋazigmit) is spoken on the shores of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Far North, and St. Lawrence Island Yupik (Sivuqaghmiistun) is spoken on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska.

Asian/Siberian Yupik settlements (red dots)

Chaplino, or Uŋazigmit, is the largest Yupik language of Siberia (the second one is Naukan Yupik), and is named after the settlement of Уӈазиӄ (Ungaziq; Chaplino or Old Chaplino in Russian). The word Ungazighmii / Уңазиӷмӣ[9][10] [uŋaʑiʁmiː] (plural Ungazighmiit / Уңазиӷмӣт [uŋaʑiʁmiːt][11][12]) means "Ungaziq inhabitant(s)". People speaking this language live in several settlements in the southeastern Chukchi Peninsula[8] (including Novoye Chaplino, Provideniya, and Sireniki), Uelkal, Wrangel Island,[12] and Anadyr.[13] The majority of Chaplino Yupik speakers live in the villages of Novoye Chaplino and Sireniki. In another terminology, these people speak Chaplino, and Ungazighmiit people speak one of its dialects, along with other dialects spoken by Avatmit, Imtugmit, Kigwagmit, which can be divided further into even smaller dialects.[8]

The second dialect, St. Lawrence Island Yupik, is believed to be an offspring of Chaplino with only minor phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactical and lexical differences, and both dialects are virtually identical.[14]

Phonology

Consonants

Unlike the Central Alaskan Yupik languages, Siberian Yupik has a series of retroflex fricatives, more similar to the Alaskan Inuit dialects.

Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
plain lab. plain lab.
Stop p t k kʷ q qʷ
Fricative voiceless f s ʂ x xʷ χ χʷ h
voiced v z ʐ ɣ ɣʷ ʁ ʁʷ
lateral ɬ
Nasal voiceless m̥ n̥ ŋ̊ ŋ̊ʷ
voiced m n ŋ ŋʷ
Approximant l j

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid ə
Open a

Grammar

Morphology

Most Siberian Yupik words consist of a "base" or "stem", followed by zero or more "postbases", followed by one "ending", followed by zero or more "enclitics":[15]

stem postbase postbase postbase ending enclitic
angyaghllangyugtuqlu
angyagh- -ghllag- -nge- -yug- -tuq -llu
boat big acquire want 1SG-PRES also
"Also, he/she wants to acquire a big boat."

Noun endings indicate number (singular, dual, or plural), case, and whether or not the noun is possessed. If the noun is possessed, the ending indicates the number and person of the possessor.

Siberian Yupik has seven noun cases:

Other Eskimo languages spoken in Siberia

Other Yupik languages

Naukan, or Nuvuqaghmiistun, the second largest Yupik language spoken in Siberia, is spoken in settlements including Uelen, Lorino, Lavrentiya, and Provideniya.[13]

Debated classifications

Additionally, the Sireniki Eskimo language, locally called Uqeghllistun, was an Eskimo language once spoken in Siberia. It had many peculiarities. Sometimes it is classified as not belonging to the Yupik branch at all, thus forming (by itself) a stand-alone third branch of the Eskimo languages (alongside Inuit and Yupik).[8][16] Its peculiarities may be the result of a supposed long isolation from other Eskimo groups in the past.[17]

Sireniki became extinct in early January 1997.[8][16][18]

Notes
  1. "Yupik, Central Siberian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
  2. "Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official".
  3. "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ess". ISO 639-3 Registration Authority - SIL International. Retrieved 2017-07-08. Name: Central Siberian Yupik
  4. Endangered Languages Project data for Central Siberian Yupik.
  5. "Yupik, Central Siberian". Ethnologue (19 ed.). 2016. Retrieved 2017-07-08.
  6. Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Central Siberian Yupik". Glottolog 4.3.
  7. "Supplementary Table 1. Native North American Languages and Residence in American Indian or Alaska Native Areas for the Population 5 Years and Over in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006-2010" (xls). Census.gov. St Lawrence Island Yupik
  8. Endangered Languages in Northeast Siberia: Siberian Yupik and other Languages of Chukotka by Nikolai Vakhtin
  9. Menovshchikov 1962:89
  10. same suffix for another root (Rubcova 1954: 465)
  11. Rubcova 1954:220,238,370 (tale examples)
  12. Menovshchikov 1962:1
  13. Asian Eskimo Language Archived 2007-08-12 at Archive.today by Endangered languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia
  14. Daria Morgounova (2004). Language contact on both sides of the Bering Strait: a comparative study of Central Siberian Yupik-Russian and Central Alaskan Yupik-English language contact. Københavns Universitet, Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Engelsk Institut.
  15. Jacobson, Steven (1979). A Grammatical Sketch of Siberian Yupik Eskimo. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.
  16. Linguist List's description about Nikolai Vakhtin's book: The Old Sirinek Language: Texts, Lexicon, Grammatical Notes. The author's untransliterated (original) name is "Н.Б. Вахтин Archived 2007-09-10 at the Wayback Machine".
  17. Menovshchikov 1962:11
  18. Support for Siberian Indigenous Peoples Rights (Поддержка прав коренных народов Сибири) Archived 2007-11-03 at the Wayback Machine — see the section on Eskimos Archived 2007-08-30 at the Wayback Machine

References

English
  • Menovščikov, G. A. (= Г. А. Меновщиков) (1968). "Popular Conceptions, Religious Beliefs and Rites of the Asiatic Eskimoes". In Diószegi, Vilmos (ed.). Popular beliefs and folklore tradition in Siberia. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
  • de Reuse, Willem J. (1994). Siberian Yupik Eskimo: The language and its contacts with Chukchi. Studies in indigenous languages of the Americas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-397-7.
  • Jacobson, Steven A. (1990). A Practical Grammar of the St.~Lawrence Island/Siberian Yupik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.
  • Jacobson, Steven A. (1979). A Grammatical Sketch of Siberian Yupik Eskimo as spoken on St.~Lawrence Island, Alaska. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.

Russian
  • Меновщиков, Г. А. (1962). Грамматиκа языка азиатских эскимосов. Часть первая. Москва • Ленинград: Академия Наук СССР. Институт языкознания. The transliteration of author's name, and the rendering of title in English: Menovshchikov, G. A. (1962). Grammar of the language of Asian Eskimos. Vol. I. Moscow • Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
  • Меновщиков, Г. А. (1996). "Азиатских эскимосов язык". Языки мира. Палеоазиатские языки. Москва: Российская академия наук. Институт языкознания. The transliteration of author's name, and the rendering of title in English: Menovshchikov, G. A. (1996). "The language of Asian Eskimos". Languages of the world. Paleoasiatic languages. Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences.
  • Рубцова, Е. С. (1954). Материалы по языку и фольклору эскимосов (чаплинский диалект). Москва • Ленинград: Академия Наук СССР. The transliteration of author's name, and the rendering of title in English: Rubcova, E. S. (1954). Materials on the Language and Folklore of the Eskimoes, Vol. I, Chaplino Dialect. Moscow • Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
  • Библиография работ по языку азиатских эскимосов

Further reading

English
  • Menovshchikov, G.A.: Language of Sireniki Eskimos. Phonetics, morphology, texts and vocabulary. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow • Leningrad, 1964. Original data: Г.А. Меновщиков: Язык сиреникских эскимосов. Фонетика, очерк морфологии, тексты и словарь. Академия Наук СССР. Институт языкознания. Москва • Ленинград, 1964
  • Menovshchikov, G.A.: Grammar of the language of Asian Eskimos. Vol. I. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow • Leningrad, 1962. Original data: Г.А. Меновщиков: Грамматиκа языка азиатских эскимосов. Часть первая. Академия Наук СССР. Москва • Ленинград, 1962.
  • Rubcova, E. S. (1954). Materials on the Language and Folklore of the Eskimos (Vol. I, Chaplino Dialect). Moscow • Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Original data: Рубцова, Е. С. (1954). Материалы по языку и фольклору эскимосов (чаплинский диалект). Москва • Ленинград: Академия Наук СССР.
  • Yupik: Bibliographical guide

Russian
  • Badten, Linda Womkon, Vera Oovi Kaneshiro, Marie Oovi, and Steven A. Jacobson. A Dictionary of the St. Lawrence Island/Siberian Yupik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, College of Liberal Arts, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1987. ISBN 1-55500-029-0
  • Bass, Willard P., Edward A. Tennant, and Sharon Pungowiyi Satre. Test of Oral Language Dominance Siberian Yupik-English. Albuquerque, N.M.: Southwest Research Associates, 1973.
  • Jacobson, Steven A. (1990). A Practical Grammar of the St. Lawrence Island/Siberian Yupik Eskimo Language (PDF). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, College of Liberal Arts, University of Alaska. ISBN 1-55500-034-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
  • Jacobson, Steven A. Reading and Writing the Cyrillic System for Siberian Yupik = Atightuneqlu Iganeqlu Yupigestun Ruuseghmiit Latangitgun. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, College of Liberal Arts, University of Alaska, 1990.
  • Koonooka, Christopher (2003). Ungipaghaghlanga: Let Me Tell A Story. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center (University of Alaska Fairbanks). Collection of stories, originally recorded by Меновщиков among Siberian Yupik, then transliterated so that it can be read by Yupik of St. Lawrence Island.
  • Nagai, Kayo; Waghiyi, Della (2001). Mrs. Della Waghiyi's St Lawrence Island Yupik Texts with Grammatical Analysis by Kayo Nagai. Osaka (Japan): Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
  • Reuse, Willem Joseph de. Siberian Yupik Eskimo The Language and Its Contacts with Chukchi. Studies in indigenous languages of the Americas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994. ISBN 0-87480-397-7
  • Reuse, Willem Joseph de. Studies in Siberian Yupik Eskimo Morphology and Syntax. 1988.
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