Charles de Fitz-James

He was the son of James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, who was in turn the illegitimate son of James II of England. He was known from birth as the "count of Fitz-James". When his elder brother Henri de Fitz-James was dismissed and his younger brother François de Fitz-James took holy orders, Charles was made governor and lieutenant-general of Limousin on 28 December 1729, aged only 17. In 1730 he joined the musketeers, on 31 March 1732 he was given a commission to command a company in the Montreval cavalry regiment, and in 1733 he was put in command of an Irish cavalry regiment, which was renamed the Fitz-James regiment after him.

1733 also saw Europe's peace broken for the first time in twenty years after the death of Augustus, king of Poland. A French army under Charles's father invaded Germany, whilst Charles saw his first active service at the head of his regiment at the sieges of Kehl (1733) and Philippsbourg (1734). He was standing next to his father when the latter was killed by a cannonball and was splattered with his blood and brains. Inheriting his father's dukedom and becoming a peer of France, Charles continued serving with the French army on the Rhine under the orders of Marshal de Coigny from 1735 until the peace of Vienna in 1738. In 1735 he also became one of the first French Freemasons in the Bussy Lodge.

Charles VI's death in 1740 triggered another European war, with France backing the elector of Bavaria's claims to the imperial throne. In 1741, a French army of 40,000 men crossed the Rhine at Fort-Louis, under the orders of the Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, whilst another army the same size crossed the Meuse at the same time - Charles served in the latter as a brigadier, under the orders of Jean-Baptiste Francois des Marets, marquis de Maillebois. He took part in most of the war's battles and also served in Belle-Isle's army at the Siege of Prague and the retreat which followed.

Returning to France in July 1743, he ended his campaign in Basse-Alsace serving under Marshal de Noailles. In 1744 he was promoted to maréchal-de-camp and fought in the king's army at that rank, commanding the siege works at the 1745 siege of Tournay, fighting at the French victory at Fontenoy and serving at the sieges of Oudenaarde and Dendermonde. In 1746 he joined the French army in Flanders under the Marshal de Saxe, covering the sieges of Mons, Saint-Guilhain and Charleroi and serving at the sieges of Namur (1746) and the victory at Rocourt.

The Battle of Lauffeld - bloodier than Fontenoy - opened France's 1747 campaign in the Netherlands. The Duke of Fitz-James fought there before joining the Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747) by Lowendahl. He also fought at the Siege of Maestricht when peace was signed between France, Britain and the Netherlands in 1748. Hostilities were barely over when, on 10 May 1748, the Duke of Fitz-James was promoted to lieutenant general. He was also made a peer of France and knight of the orders of the King (received 2 February 1756).

At the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, he is again recalled to lead several Army Corps in Germany. He fights in the Battle of Hastenbeck (1757), Krefeld (1758) and Lutterberg (1758). In the lost Battle of Minden, fought on 1 August 1759, he was in command of the entire French cavalry, with which he charged the enemy without success.

He is sent back to France in November 1760, and became on 16 September 1761, commander of the Languedoc province.
In 1763, a conflict over taxes broke out between him and the Parlement of Toulouse, which resulted in violence. Fitz-James had to resign and lived in disgrace until 1766, when he became commander of Béarn, Navarre and Guyenne.
In 1771 he became commander of the Brittany province.
In 1775 he was made a Marshal of France and retired.