Check dam

A check dam is a small, sometimes temporary, dam constructed across a swale, drainage ditch, or waterway to counteract erosion by reducing water flow velocity.[1] Check dams themselves are not a type of new technology; rather, they are an ancient technique dating from the second century A.D.[2] Check dams are typically, though not always, implemented in a system of several dams situated at regular intervals across the area of interest.[3]

A check dam across the Kudumbur River
Concrete check dams in Austria
A steel check dam
A common application of check dams is in bioswales, which are artificial drainage channels that are designed to remove silt and pollution from runoff.

Function

A check dam placed in the ditch, swale, or channel interrupts the flow of water and flattens the gradient of the channel, thereby reducing the velocity. In turn, this obstruction induces infiltration and reduces eroding.[1] They can be used not only to slow flow velocity but also to distribute flows across a swale to avoid preferential paths and guide flows toward vegetation.[4] Although some sedimentation may result behind the dam, check dams do not primarily function as sediment trapping devices.[5]

For instance, in Graliwdo River in Ethiopia, an increase of hydraulic roughness by check dams and water transmission losses in deposited sediments are responsible for the delay of runoff to reach the lower part of the river channels. The reduction of peak runoff discharge was larger in the river segment with check dams and vegetation (minus 12%) than in segment without treatment (minus 5.5%). Reduction of total runoff volume was also larger in the river with check dams than in the untreated river. The implementation of check dams combined with vegetation reduced peak flow discharge and total runoff volume as large parts of runoff infiltrated in the sediments deposited behind the check dams. As gully check dams are implemented in a large areas of northern Ethiopia, this contributes to groundwater recharge and increased river baseflow.[6]

Applications

Grade control mechanism

Check dams have traditionally been implemented in two environments: across channel bottoms and on hilly slopes.[7] Check dams are used primarily to control water velocity, conserve soil, and improve land.[8] They are used when other flow-control practices, such as lining the channel or creating bioswales, are impractical.[9] Accordingly, they are commonly used in degrading temporary channels, in which permanent stabilization is impractical and infeasible in terms of resource allocation and funding due to the short life period. Or, they are used when construction delays and weather conditions prevent timely installation of other erosion control practices.[10] This is typically seen during the construction process of large-scale permanent dams or erosion control. As such, check dams serve as temporary grade-control mechanisms along waterways until resolute stabilization is established or along permanent swales that need protection prior to installation of a non-erodible lining.[11]

Water quality control mechanism

Many check dams tend to form stream pools. Under low-flow circumstances, water either infiltrates into the ground, evaporates, or seeps through or under the dam. Under high flow - flood - conditions, water flows over or through the structure. Coarse and medium-grained sediment from runoff tends to be deposited behind check dams, while finer grains flow through. Floating garbage is also trapped by check dams, increasing their effectiveness as water quality control measures.

Arid regions
Boulder-faced log dam in Maygwa, Ethiopia

In arid areas, check dams are often built to increase groundwater recharge in a process called managed aquifer recharge. Winter runoff thus can be stored in aquifers, from which the water can be withdrawn during the dry season for irrigation, livestock watering, and even drinking water supply. This is particularly useful for small settlements located far from a large urban center as check dams require less reliance on machinery, funding, or advanced understandings as compared to large-scale dam implementation.[12][2]

Check dams can be used in combination with limans to stop and collect surface runoff water.

Mountainous regions

As a strategy to stabilize mountain streams, the construction of check dams has a long tradition in many mountainous regions dating back to the 19th century in Europe. Because of the steep slopes in the mountain region, it may be difficult for large construction machinery to reach mountain streams; therefore, check dams have been implemented in place of large-scale dams. Because the typical high slope causes the flow velocity to move faster, a terraced system of multiple closely spaced check dams is typically necessary to reduce velocity and thereby counteract erosion. Such consolidation check dams, built in terraces, attempt to prevent both headward and downward cutting into channel beds while also stabilizing adjacent hill slopes. They are further used to mitigate flood and debris flow hazards.[13]

Design considerations

Site

Before installing a check dam, engineers inspect the site. Standard practices call for the drainage area to be ten acres or less.[3][9] The waterway should be on a slope of no more than 50% and should have a minimum depth to bedrock of 2 ft.[14] Check dams are often used in natural or constructed channels or swales. They should never be placed in live streams unless approved by appropriate local, state and/or federal authorities.[14]

Materials
Log dam in a gully, circa 1935, Missouri, USA
Log dam in Adawro river, Ethiopia

Check dams are made of a variety of materials. Because they are typically used as temporary structures, they are often made of cheap and accessible materials such as rocks, gravel, logs, hay bales, and sandbags.[9][15] Of these, logs and rock check dams are usually permanent or semi-permanent; and the sandbag check dam is implemented primarily for temporary purposes. Also, there are check dams that are constructed with rockfill or wooden boards. These dams are usually implemented only in small, open channels that drain 10 acres (0.04 km2) or less; and usually do not exceed 2 ft (0.61 m) high.[16] Woven-wire can be used to construct check dams in order to hold fine material in a gully. They are typically utilized in environments where the gully has a moderate slope (less than 10%), small drainage area, and in regions where flood flows do not typically carry large rocks or boulders.[17][15] In nearly all instances, erosion control blankets, which are biodegradable open-weave blankets, are used in conjunction with check dams. These blankets help enforce vegetation growth on the slopes, shorelines and ditch bottoms.

Log dam building in Adawro

Size

Check dams are usually less than 2 ft (0.61 m) to 3 ft (0.91 m) high.[18] and the center of the dam should be at least 6 in (0.15 m) lower than its edges.[9] This criteria induces a weir effect, resulting in increased water surface level upstream for some, if not all flow conditions.[19]

Spacing

In order to effectively slow water velocity to reduce erosion and to protect the channel between dams in a larger system, the spacing must be designed properly. The check dams should be spaced such that the toe of the upstream check dam is equal to the elevation of the downstream check dam's crest.[20] By doing so, the water can pond between check dams and thus slow the flow's velocity down substantially as the water progresses downslope.[5]

Advantages

Check dams are a highly effective practice to reduce flow velocities in channels and waterways. In contrast to big dams, check dams are implemented faster, are cost effective, and are smaller in scope. Because of this, their implementation does not typically displace people and communities nor do they destroy natural resources if designed correctly.[21] Moreover, the dams are simple to construct and do not rely on advanced technologies – thereby they can be applied in rural communities with fewer resources or access to technical expertise, as they have been in India's drylands for some time now.[21]

Limitations

Check dams still require maintenance and sediment removal practices. They become more difficult to implement on steep slopes, as velocity is higher and the distance between dams must be shortened.[5] Check dams, depending on the material used, can have a limited life span but if implemented correctly can be considered permanent though not encouraged.[5]

Maintenance

Check dams require regular maintenance as they are used primarily as a temporary structure and thereby are not designed to withstand long-term use. Dams should be inspected every week that it is sited in the channel and after every large storm.[5] It is important that rubble, litter, and leaves are removed from the upstream side of the dam.[9] This is typically done when the sediment has reached a height of one-half the original height of the dam.[9]

Further, maintenance is required when removing the check dam altogether. In order to ensure the future flow is not adversely altered, the check dam must be fully removed, including any parts that may have been dislodged and washed downstream or any newly developed bare spots where the check dam once was situated.[5]

See also

References
  1. Marsh, William M. (2010). Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications (5th ed.). Danvers, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 267–268. ISBN 978-0-470-57081-4.
  2. Agoramoorthy, Govindasamy, Sunita Chaudhary & Minna J. Hsu (2008). "The Check-Dam Route to Mitigate India's Water Shortages". Natural Resources Journal. 48 (3): 565–583.
  3. Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality. Erosion Stormwater Manual (PDF) (4th ed.). Mississippi DEQ. pp. 4–118. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  4. Melbourne Water (2005). Water Sensitive Urban Design Engineering Procedures: Stormwater. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-643-09092-7. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  5. Iowa Statewide Urban Design and Specifications (SUDAS) (2013). Design Manual - Erosion and Sediment Control (PDF). Ames, IA: Institute for Transportation at Iowa State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  6. Etefa Guyassa, and colleagues (2017). "Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia". Journal of Hydrology. 545: 299–309. Bibcode:2017JHyd..545..299G. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.
  7. Garcia, Carmelo & Mario Lenzi (2010). Check Dams, Morphological Adjustments and Erosion Control in Torrential Streams. New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61761-749-2.
  8. A conceptual model of check dam hydraulics for gully control:efficiency, optimal spacing and relation with step-pools C. Castillo, R. Pérez, and J. A. Gómez from Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, 1705–1721, 2014
  9. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2014-08-06). "Water Best Management Practices: Check Dams". water.epa.gov. USEPA. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  10. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2006). Practice Standards and Specifications. Raleigh, N.C.: NCDENR. pp. 6.83.1–6.83.3. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  11. Urban Drainage and Flood Control District (2010). Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual Volume 3 (PDF). Colorado: Urban Drainage and Flood Control District. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  12. S. Parimala Renganayaki, L. Elango (April 2013). "A review on managed aquifer recharge by check dams: a case study near Chennai, India". : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 2 (4): 416–423
  13. Mazzorana, Bruno (6 June 2014). "The susceptibility of consolidation check dams as a key factor for maintenance planning". Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft. 66 (5): 214–216. doi:10.1007/s00506-014-0160-4. S2CID 130712151.
  14. Department of Environmental Quality (2005). IDEQ Stormwater Best Management Practices Catalog: Check Dams BMP 32 (PDF). State of Idaho. pp. 106–108. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  15. Nyssen, J. and colleagues (2017). "Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 143. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217.
  16. USDA Natural Resource Conservation Services (NRCS). "Urban BMPs: Water Erosion" (PDF). usda.gov. USDA. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  17. "FAO Watershed Management Field Manual". fao.org. Food and Agricultural Organizations of the United Nations. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  18. Urban BMPs: Water, erosion, check dams (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  19. Rickard, Charles & Rodney Day, Jeremy Purseglove (2003). River Weirs – Good Practice Guide (PDF). UK: Environment Agency. p. xi. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  20. Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program. "Check dams". Low Impact Development Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guide. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  21. Agoramoorthy, Govindasamy, and Minna J. Hsu (2008). "Small Size, Big Potential: Check Dams for Sustainable Development". Environment. 50 (4): 22–34. doi:10.3200/envt.50.4.22-35. S2CID 153334085. ProQuest 224015181.
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