Chlorogalum pomeridianum

Like all the soap plants, Chlorogalum pomeridianum is a perennial that grows from a bulb, which is brown, between 7 and 15 cm in diameter, slightly elongated, and covered in thick, coarse fibers. The leaves grow from the base of the plant, and can be from 20 to 70 cm long and 6 to 25 mm wide.[1] As the plant's name indicates, their edges are generally wavy, though this is not always particularly noticeable.

The flowers are borne on a long stem, normally longer than the leaves, and are from 15 to 30 mm long. The six petals (actually only three of them are petals in the technical sense; the other three are sepals) are up to 35 mm long and curving. They are typically white but have a noticeable mid-vein which can be purple or green. The six stamens are large and noticeable, and yellow or orange. The flowers are hermaphrodites (having both female and male parts).

They open only in the late afternoon or evening, remaining open during the night but closing by the morning. Pollination is by evening- or night-flying insects.

Soap plant growing in the forest

The fibers surrounding the bulb were widely used, bound together, to make small brushes. Extracts of the bulbs could also be used as a sealant or glue.

Cleansing

The juices of the bulb contain saponins that form a lather when mixed with water,[7] and both Native American people (e.g. Miwok tribe[8]) and early European settlers used the bulbs as a kind of soap; this is the origin of the plant's name. It was particularly used for washing hair, since it was held to be effective against dandruff.[9]

Cuisine

The young leaves can be used as food, but the saponins in the bulbs make these poisonous. However saponins are very poorly absorbed by the body and usually pass straight through, and in any case they can be destroyed by thorough cooking. The Miwok people roasted and ate the bulbs as a winter food.[9] In February 1847 Patrick Breen of the ill-fated Donner Party recorded that a Native American gave the starving settler some "roots resembling Onions in shape [that] taste some like a sweet potatoe [sic], all full of little tough fibres." Breen's son later called the roots "California soap-root"—almost certainly C. pomeridianum.

Saponins are much more toxic to some other animals than they are to humans. Fish are particularly susceptible, and the bulb juices were used to kill or stun them so they could be caught easily.

Medicinal

The bulbs also had various medicinal uses, both external (e.g., for making a poultice to be used as an antiseptic, or as a rub in cases of rheumatism) and internal (decoctions were used for a range of purposes, including as a diuretic, as a laxative and against stomachache).[9]

• California chaparral and woodlands

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chlorogalum pomeridianum.

• Jepson Manual Treatment — Chlorogalum pomeridianum
• NRCS: USDA Plants Profile for Chlorogalum pomeridianum (wavy-leafed soap plant)
• CalFlora Database: Chlorogalum pomeridianum (Amole, soap plant)
• Chlorogalum pomeridianum — U.C./CalPhotos gallery