Ciudad del Este

Ciudad del Este (Spanish pronunciation: [sjuˈðað ðel ˈeste], Spanish for Eastern City; often shortered as CDE) is the second-largest city in Paraguay and capital of the Alto Paraná Department, situated on the Paraná River. It is located 327 km from Asunción, the capital, and is adjacent to the border with Brazil, to which it is connected by the Friendship Bridge on the Paraná River. It is the largest city within the Triple Frontier region, which borders Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil and Puerto Iguazú, Argentina. The Itaipú Dam, one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in the world, is near Ciudad del Este, as is the Iguazu Falls.

Ciudad del Este

Táva Kuarahyresẽme (Avañe'ẽ)
City
Flag
Ciudad del Este
Location of Ciudad del Este in Paraguay
Coordinates: 25°31′00″S 54°37′00″W
CountryParaguay
Department Alto Paraná
Founded3 February 1957 (1957-02-03)
Government
 • Intendente MunicipalPerla Rodríguez de Cabral
Area
 • City104 km2 (40 sq mi)
Population
 (2019)
 • City301,815
 • Density2,900/km2 (7,500/sq mi)
 • Metro
546,643
Time zoneUTC-04 (AST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-03 (ADT)
Postal code
7000
Area code(s)+ (595) (61)
ClimateCfa
WebsiteOfficial website

Ciudad del Este is a commercial city, and is one of the largest free-trade zones in the world. Its tax-free status attracts many Brazilians and Argentines to the city.[1]

Ciudad del Este has consulates for Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Spain, France, Germany, Italy, Slovakia, Syria, Turkey, and Taiwan.[2]

The city is home to Club Atlético 3 de Febrero, whose home ground Estadio Antonio Aranda was used for the 1999 Copa América and is Paraguay's third biggest football stadium.

The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad del Este.

History

After the fall of Argentine President Juan Domingo Perón in the 1950s, the government of Alfredo Stroessner took the decision to vigorously promote the so-called "March to the East", seeking to reach the Atlantic Ocean, through Brazil. The main problem encountered in the exit through the Río de la Plata was the excessively expensive freight, which made the exported products commercially uncompetitive. In 1955, the Mixed Paraguayan-Brazilian Commission was set up to boost the highway to the East, and in 1956 a reconnaissance flight was made on Alto Paraná. The construction of a road route to the Paraná River bank was led by Captain Porfirio Pereira Ruiz Díaz, who supervised several army units in the building of a 200-kilometre section from Coronel Oviedo.

On 3 February 1957, the city now known as Ciudad del Este was founded by decree, but with the name of "Puerto Flor de Lis" ("Port Lily Flower").[3]

Later, it was renamed "Puerto Presidente Stroessner" ("President Stroessner Port"), in honor of the dictator Alfredo Stroessner.

After the 1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, a referendum was held to decide on a new name, and Ciudad del Este ("East City") was chosen.

Settlement in the region was hampered by dense jungle, but the city and the local economy expanded rapidly after the construction of the Friendship Bridge and the Acaray and Itaipu dams during the 1960s and 1970s. The city has attracted many immigrants and now has sizeable Chinese, Arab, Indian, and Korean populations. It is the second most developed and populated city in the country.

Geography

The city, coextensive with the homonymous district, is located in south-eastern Paraguay. Part of an international tripoint known as the "Triple Frontier", Ciudad del Este lies opposite the Brazilian city of Foz do Iguaçu (state of Paraná). Separated from it by Paraná River, it is linked by the Friendship Bridge. The Argentine border is located between the neighboring town of Presidente Franco and Puerto Iguazú (Misiones Province). Ciudad del Este, along with the towns and districts of Hernandarias, Minga Guazú, and Presidente Franco, forms a metropolitan area named Gran Ciudad del Este (Greater Ciudad del Este).

The location of Ciudad del Este on the international route that connects southeastern Bolivia with Curitiba and Porto Alegre has contributed to turning this city into a smuggling post between Paraguay and Brazil and of cocaine between southern Bolivia and the large cities of São Paulo, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, and Florianapolis. Because of this, many Argentine and Brazilian tourists visiting Lake Itaipú and the Iguazú Falls, both on the Paraná River, avoid Ciudad del Este.[4]

Hydrography

The Paraná River borders the city to the east. The district is also surrounded by the Acaray River to the north, which separates it from Hernandarias District, while to the southwest it is surrounded by the Monday River that separates it from the municipality of Los Cedrales. In the city there are other streams, lakes, and bridges:

  • Amambay Stream, on the Monday side, feeds the Republic Lake.
  • Acaraymí Stream, on the Acaray side, connects with the Amambay stream underground.
  • Saltito Stream, located in the southeast, serves as a boundary with the jurisdiction of Presidente Franco.
  • The Republic Lake, is the recreational site par excellence in the city.
  • The Yrendy Lake, located in the neighborhood Monday about 1,000 meters (1 km) from Route 7, was designated an ecological sanctuary for its beauty and natural wealth through a municipal resolution.[5]
  • The José Costa Cavalcanti bridge over the Acaray river, popularly known as "Puente Seco" (Dry Bridge), is a junction between Mariscal López Avenue and the Itaipú Superhighway which connects the Pablo Rojas neighborhood with the Paraná Country Club of Hernandarias.
  • The Peru bridge, over the Acaray river, connects the Don Bosco neighborhood with the Itaipú neighborhood of Hernandarias.

Climate

Ciudad del Este has a humid subtropical climate under Köppen's climate classification. Summer is hot and humid, with an average of 26 °C (79 °F) in January. The high humidity usually becomes suffocating in the heat. Winter is temperate and irregular; temperatures between 0 °C (32 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F) have been recorded. The average daily temperature is 16 °C (61 °F) in July.

Ciudad del Este sees on average roughly 1,700 millimetres (67 in) of precipitation annually. In the winter of 1982, it snowed for the first time in the city, being the second snowfall registered in the country.

Climate data for Ciudad del Este, Paraguay
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 38.0
(100.4)		 38.8
(101.8)		 38.0
(100.4)		 35.0
(95.0)		 32.5
(90.5)		 31.2
(88.2)		 33.0
(91.4)		 33.4
(92.1)		 35.6
(96.1)		 37.0
(98.6)		 39.6
(103.3)		 40.2
(104.4)		 40.2
(104.4)
Average high °C (°F) 31.7
(89.1)		 31.6
(88.9)		 30.8
(87.4)		 27.5
(81.5)		 24.6
(76.3)		 22.2
(72.0)		 23.0
(73.4)		 24.2
(75.6)		 25.8
(78.4)		 28.4
(83.1)		 30.1
(86.2)		 31.2
(88.2)		 27.6
(81.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.1
(79.0)		 25.8
(78.4)		 24.7
(76.5)		 21.5
(70.7)		 18.4
(65.1)		 16.3
(61.3)		 16.4
(61.5)		 17.6
(63.7)		 19.3
(66.7)		 22.1
(71.8)		 24.1
(75.4)		 25.6
(78.1)		 21.5
(70.7)
Average low °C (°F) 21.1
(70.0)		 21.3
(70.3)		 20.1
(68.2)		 17.2
(63.0)		 13.6
(56.5)		 11.4
(52.5)		 11.3
(52.3)		 12.3
(54.1)		 13.8
(56.8)		 16.6
(61.9)		 18.3
(64.9)		 20.1
(68.2)		 16.4
(61.5)
Record low °C (°F) 10.5
(50.9)		 11.6
(52.9)		 7.5
(45.5)		 4.6
(40.3)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 0.0
(32.0)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 0.8
(33.4)		 4.0
(39.2)		 6.4
(43.5)		 8.2
(46.8)		 −3.0
(26.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 184.1
(7.25)		 154.2
(6.07)		 136.1
(5.36)		 140.7
(5.54)		 132.3
(5.21)		 131.9
(5.19)		 90.6
(3.57)		 115.0
(4.53)		 130.2
(5.13)		 176.0
(6.93)		 163.5
(6.44)		 139.9
(5.51)		 1,694.5
(66.71)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 10 9 8 7 8 8 7 8 9 10 9 9 101
Average relative humidity (%) 75 77 77 80 83 84 79 77 75 74 72 72 77
Source: NOAA[6]

Economy

Ciudad del Este is the second most important city in the country, after Asunción. It gathers 8% of Paraguayan Gross Domestic Product, that is, about 3.5 billion dollars. Some 244 companies are installed which operate in the Services Sector and in the Industrial Sector, among which stand out the manufacture of auto parts, the textile industry, maquilas, industries developer, and others. Since Ciudad del Este does not have rural areas, it does not have any measurable agro-livestock activity of its own, but it does serve as a regional nucleus for other adjacent urban centers which do have agro-livestock activity, such as Hernandarias, Presidente Franco and Minga Guazú. The city has a large food market with more than 800 shops selling fruits, vegetables, and clothing.

Ciudad del Este has repeatedly been on the list of notorious markets for infringing goods by the United States Trade Representative.[7][8] The city is the headquarters of the company that operates the nearby Itaipu Dam.

The city's economy (along with Paraguay's economy) relies heavily on the mood of the Brazilian economy, as 95% of Paraguay's share of the energy generated by the Itaipu Dam is sold to Brazil (for US$300 million), and that every day many Brazilians cross the border to buy less expensive products (US$1.2 billion, mostly electronics).[9]

Smuggling is a major occupation in the city, with some estimates putting the value of this black market at five times the national economy. It is reported that Lebanese immigrants with links to Hezbollah are operating money laundering activities and cocaine trafficking in the city.[10]

In recent decades, Ciudad del Este has seen the development of a market in electronic and computer products, as well as consumer products, as well as luxury (perfumes, fine alcohols, and others). The economy of the city has diversified, led essentially by the installation of new industrial activities outside the traditional commercial focus, such as agribusiness, because in the city are located the largest agricultural companies in the country.

Tourism

It has hotels, modern shopping centers, restaurants, casino and night entertainment centers. While shopping tourism is what most characterizes Ciudad del Este, in the area there are numerous tourist attractions of various kinds, as they constitute the most striking presentation letter of the central core in the region, like the internationally known as the Triple Frontier; there, Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina converge each other:

  • 20 km to the north, in Hernandarias is the Itaipú dam, one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in the world, and the Museum of the Guaraní Land;
  • 8 km to the south, in President Franco are the Jumps of Monday, fall of water of the river of the same name;
  • 26 km to the south is the Moisés Bertoni Scientific Monument, a protected area where is the house in which the wise man carried out his research and publications;
  • 20 km to the east, on the border between Argentina and Brazil, are the majestic Iguazu Falls.

Located near the center of the city, there is founded the "Lake of Republic" which is surrounded by vegetation which takes advantage of the waters from the Amambay stream and has a recreation area with an open-air amphitheater which offers the community a public place to enjoy artistic and cultural events. In its surroundings there are also walkways, bike paths, rest areas, playgrounds, gym, and gastronomic venues par excellence.

The 3D Planet Museum is a space located within the Paris Shopping. These are 3D paintings hand painted by international artists, among which the Great Wall of China, the Iguazu Falls, the Roman Colosseum, Venice, Africa and outer space stand out. It also has a labyrinth of mirrors among the multiple attractions exhibited in rooms divided into five different areas. The shopping center has also a snow park.

El Turista Róga (Tourist's home), is a dependency of the National Secretariat of Tourism (SENATUR), located in front of the Green Park, near the center of the city. This one is specialized in orientation and reception of tourists, also has a reception room and wide information suitable to deliver brochures and explanatory leaflets in languages such as English, French, Italian, German, Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish.

Demographics

Ciudad del Este is the most populous city in the country after Asunción, with a population of 301,815 persons, including 152,393 men and 149,422 women, according to projections of the DGEEC for 2019.

It represents 36.8% of the departmental population (819,589) and 4.22% of the national population (7,152,703).

Ciudad del Este is a multicultural and diverse city. It is home to a large Asian-born population, specifically of Taiwanese, Korean, Lebanese and Iranian origin, evident in the city's mosques and pagodas. From the 1970s, Sunni Muslim Arabs moved to the city. This changed in the 1980s to Shia Muslim Arabs from South Lebanon.[11]

As in the rest of the country, a large part of the population dominates Spanish and guarani, in addition to jopara, but in the city Portuguese is also daily common for thousands of people and is mainly used in the commercial and agricultural sector. Thanks to the strong presence of Asian and Middle Eastern immigrants, languages such as Arabic, Chinese, and Korean are commonly used in the downtown area of the city both in conversation and in posters.

Population by sex and ages (2019)
Age Quantity Male Female
0 – 4 years 30.577 15.531 15.046
5 – 14 years 61.300 31.160 30.140
15 – 29 years 83.984 43.060 40.924
30 – 44 years 63.218 30.625 32.593
45 – 64 years 48.857 24.706 24.151
65 – 79 years 11.926 6.350 5.576
80+ years 1.953 960 993
Total 301.815 152.393 149.422
% 100 50.5 49.5
Demographic evolution of Ciudad del Este since 1972
Source: Census of the DGEEC. (*) Projection of the DGEEC – 2015 Edition.

Neighborhoods

Ciudad del Este is organized territorially in 30 neighborhoods. Route No. 7 "Dr. Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia" divides the city into two parts: 9 neighborhoods in the north and 21 neighborhoods in the south. The Microcentro neighborhood is the only one located in the middle of Route 7, extending minimally on the north side.

Neighborhoods of Ciudad del Este.
Neighborhoods of Ciudad del Este
N.º Neighborhood Population N.º Neighborhood Population
1 Acaray 8.295 16 Área 4 3.606
2 Jardín del Este 22.377 17 Boquerón 5.062
3 San Juan 19.005 18 Área 1 3.227
4 Don Bosco 21.479 19 Área 8 1.265
5 Carolina 12.659 20 San Lucas 5.578
6 La Blanca 12.190 21 Santa Ana 8.375
7 Che La Reina 7.554 22 Villa 23 de Octubre 13.031
8 Pablo Rojas 10.896 23 San Alfredo 3.390
9 San Blas 8.880 24 San José 2.572
10 Microcentro 10.053 25 San Isidro 1.913
11 Juan Emilio O'Leary 1.608 26 Villa Fanny 3.162
12 Área 2 7.246 27 Ciudad Nueva 42.013
13 Remansito 13.355 28 Jesuitas 12.496
14 Gral. Bernardino Caballero 14.302 29 José Félix Bogado 18.110
15 Área 3 2.084 30 Monday 6.032

Urban landscape

Architecture

Although it is a relatively new city, and unlike other cities such as Asunción or Luque which stand out for their colonial mansions, similarly it does not exempt it from having buildings of classical architecture, something that can be noticed in the Plaza Jesuitas Shopping, a shopping center inspired by the typical colonial architecture of the 16th century. Esteña architecture is predominantly avant-garde, both in conventional buildings and incorporate centers.

Green areas

Ciudad del Este has diverse spaces with densely populated arboreal areas. Among the main parks include the Ex-airport Alejo García park, the Monseñor Agustín Van Aaken park, the Bernardino Caballero park, the Acosta Ñu park, the Green Park and a score of other places. Emblematic and popular sites such as the Alejo García park (Ex-airport) and Monseñor Agustín Van Aaken park offer different recreation areas such as bicycle paths, aerobic stations, skateboarding tracks, and other recreational games.

Along the Los Yerbales Avenue, parks like "Manuel Ortiz Guerrero", "José Asunción Flores", "Salto del Guairá", and "Guayaivi" are all natural spaces whose main function is to conserve regional biodiversity. On the other hand, the Linear Park is a project financed by Itaipú Binacional and is focused on the use of the first three parks mentioned above; This project is based on the remodeling of green spaces for citizens' free access. The Linear Park, of about 50 hectares, is equipped with sanitary sewer systems, water network, video surveillance system, trails, cycle paths, free access to WIFI networks, playgrounds, outdoor gym, senior area, sector for food truck and a new effluent drainage system.

Urban development plan

Given the rapid growth of the metropolitan region, plans are being projected for the development, reconversion and urban planning with a view to converting it into a sustainable metropolis. The redesign plan of this area of the country will be concreted by architects, civil engineers and Argentine professionals, who will advise this undertaking whose purpose is to transform the outdated road structures through an integral plan viable for the future.

Transportation

Guarani International Airport, located in the suburb city of Minga Guazú, connects the city with other Paraguayan destinations, as well as having international cargo flights to Africa, Asia and North America.

Migration–Diplomatics

The following consulates or consulate generals for diplomatic services are located in Ciudad del Este:

  • Argentina – Consulate General: Boquerón c/Adrián Jara – Edificio China 7º piso[12]
  • Brazil – Consulate: Calle Pampliega Nr. 205 Esquina con Pai Perez[13]
  • France – Honorary Consulate: Paraná Country Club, Hernandarias, Casilla de correo 309, 7000 Ciudad del Este[14]
  • (Germany) – Honorary Consulate: Avenida Paraná 77, Paraná Country Club[15]
  • Mexico – Honorary Consulate: Av. Adrian Jara, edif. Banco Unión, 3º piso, Oficina 20[16]
  • Peru – Honorary Consulate: Km 4 ½, Monday, B° Bernardino Caballero[17]
  • Slovakia – Honorary Consulate: Calle Boquerón 310, Edif. Grupo Monalisa S.A.[18]
  • Syria – Honorary Consulate: Avda. 11 de Septiembre 399[19]
  • Republic of China – Consulate General: Avda. de Lago s/n Barrio Boquerón CP 131[20]
  • Turkey – Honorary Consulate: Av. Monseñor Rodríguez s/n entre Itaybaté y Rubio Ñu, Edificio Mannah 10 Piso A[21]

The city also houses several departments for legal, identification, and migration matters:

  • Identifications Department – Located on the street Súper Carretera[22]
  • Supreme Court of Justice – The place is also known as the Palace of Justice. Located near the Estadio Antonio Oddone Sarubbi of the Club Atlético 3 de Febrero: Avda. Bernardino Caballero e/ Cerro León[23]
  • Interpol – The city has a regional office of Interpol.[24]
  • National Direction of Migration – Located at the head of the Friendship Bridge bordering Brazil: Cabecera del Puente de la Amistad, margen derecho (Ruta Internacional Nº 7 – Dr. José Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia)[25]

In media
  • Ciudad del Este was featured during a late season 8/early season 9 storyline on the television series JAG in 2003.
  • In 2005, it was a filming location for Miami Vice, a film directed by Michael Mann and based on his television series of the same name.
  • The Triple Frontier (or here referenced as the Tri-Border Area) was featured as the backdrop for the NCIS Season 2 episode "An Eye for an Eye", as NCIS Special Agents Anthony DiNozzo (Michael Weatherly) and Caitlin Todd (Sasha Alexander) traveled to this area of southern Paraguay in order to investigate a professor involved in a case in which a pair of blue eyeballs were mailed to a man who then committed suicide. A deleted scene from this episode would later be shown in the Season 8 episode, "A Man Walks into a Bar" as the team remember their dead colleague, Agent Todd.
  • The city was also mentioned in Vince Flynn's novel, Extreme Measures. A terrorist uses this city as a training area before staging a somewhat successful operation on the United States.
  • The city is the setting for the 2014 graphic novel "Ciudad", written by Ande Parks and illustrated by Fernando Leon Gonzalez.
  • A mission from Ubisoft's game "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Blacklist" is set here.

Notable people

Distances from Ciudad del Este
CityCountryReferenceDistance in route (Km)
AsunciónParaguayCapital of Paraguay327
EncarnaciónParaguayCapital of Itapúa Department288
Salto del GuairáParaguayCapital of Canindeyú Department230
Coronel OviedoParaguayCapital of Caaguazú Department198
PilarParaguayCapital of Ñeembucú Department546
Pedro Juan CaballeroParaguayCapital of Amambay Department582
ConcepciónParaguayCapital of Concepción Department578
Buenos AiresArgentinaCapital of Argentina1.278
CórdobaArgentinaCapital of Córdoba Province1.409
Río CuartoArgentinaCity of Córdoba Province1.618
Santa FeArgentinaCapital of Santa Fe Province1.058
RosarioArgentinaCity of Santa Fe Province1.184
CorrientesArgentinaCapital of Corrientes Province610
BrasíliaBrazilCapital of Brasil1.562
São PauloBrazilCapital of São Paulo State1.069
CuritibaBrazilCapital of Paraná State647
Balneário CamboriúBrazilCity of Santa Catarina State869
MontevideoUruguayCapital of Uruguay1.365
Punta del EsteUruguayCity of Maldonado Department1.470
Colonia del SacramentoUruguayCapital of Colonia Department1.296

Sister cities
  • Lago de la República
  • Crossing Adrian Jara/Boqueron
  • City Church
  • Parroquia San Lucas
  • Friendship bridge with Brazil
  • Border of Brazil and Paraguay in Ciudad Del Este

References
  1. Schemo, Diana Jean (1998-03-15). "In Paraguay Border Town, Almost Anything Goes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
  2. "Consulates in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay". Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  3. "50 AÑOS DE HISTORIA". ultimahora.com. Archived from the original on 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  4. "Ciudad del Este – Dictionary definition of Ciudad del Este – Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-14. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
  5. "Yrendy, santuario ecológico de CDE". ultimahora.com. Archived from the original on 2019-01-29. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
  6. "Ciudad del Este Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
  7. Savitz, Eric. "Baidu Hits U.S. List Of "Notorious Markets" For Infringing Goods". Forbes. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  8. "2016 Notorious Markets List Spotlights Fight against Global Piracy and Counterfeiting of American Products | United States Trade Representative". ustr.gov. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  9. Schemo, Diana Jean (1998-03-15). "In Paraguay Border Town, Almost Anything Goes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
  10. "Lebanon Is Protecting Hezbollah's Cocaine Trade in Latin America". Foreign Policy. 2018-06-15. Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
  11. John Tofik Karam, (Un)covering Islam and Its Fifty-Year History in a South American Frontier Region Archived January 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (2011), Florida International University.
  12. "Bienvenido a Consulado General en CIUDAD DEL ESTE | Consulado General en Ciudad del Este". ccest.cancilleria.gov.ar. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  13. "Ciudad del Este – Consulado Brasil em Ciudad del Este". embaixadas.net. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  14. "Consulate of France in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay". embassypages.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  16. "Consulate of Mexico in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay". embassypages.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  17. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 19, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. "Departamento de Identificaciones". Foursquare. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  23. "Sexta Circunscripción – Alto Paraná – Poder Judicial". pj.gov.py. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  24. "Libanés con doble identidad está preso en Interpol". ultimahora.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
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