Clerodendrum colebrookianum

Clerodendrum colebrookianum (syn. Clerodendrum glandulosum), commonly known as East Indian glory bower, is a perennial shrub belonging to the family Lamiaceae, but sometimes classified under Verbenaceae. It is one of the most well known among ~400 species of Clerodendrum, as it is widely used in traditional practices, such as for vegetable and treatments of diabetes, hypertension, cough and rheumatism.

Clerodendrum colebrookianum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Clerodendrum
Species:
C. colebrookianum
Binomial name
Clerodendrum colebrookianum

The species is found in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia including India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal; and also in temperate China.[1] In India it is confined to the north-east region including West Bengal and Sikkim, and is classified under the threat status as vulnerable.[2]

Description

C. colebrookianum is a flowering shrub or small tree, characterized by a foetid smell. It is erect reaches up to 1.5-3 m in height and is evergreen. Branchlets are usually 4-angled when young. Leaves are simple, opposite or rarely whorled. Leaf base is wedge- shaped to heart-shaped, margin entire to slightly wavy, tip long-pointed to pointed. Flowers are white and borne in 4-6-branched corymbose cymes, at the end of branches. Inflorescences loosely cymose or capitate, in terminal or rarely axillary paniculate thyrses. Calyx is campanulate or cup-shaped, densely pubescent. Corolla with a slender tube; lobes 5, spreading . Stamens 4, ovary 4-locular; ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Style with 2 acute stigmatic lobes. Fruit is a drupe with 4 1-seeded pyrenes, sometimes separating into 2 2-loculed or 4 1-locular mericarps. It flowers during postmonsoon, from August to December.

Chemical constituents

Major phytochemicals in the leaves of C. colebrookianum are steroids, phenolics, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannin, glycosides and reducing sugars.[3] Novel compounds are identified such as colebroside A (1), a diglucoside of fatty acid ester of glycerin.[4] New steroids named colebrin A-E (1-5) are also identified.[5] Two new C29 sterols, colebrin A and colebrin B, and clerosterol have also been isolated.[6]

Traditional medicine

It is a common medicinal plant used for rheumatic pains by the Khasi and Jaintia tribes of Meghalaya. It is believed that the smell of the wood relieves children from many diseases. Leaves and roots are used by Manipuri tribes for skin diseases, cough, and dysentery.[7][8] The tribal natives of Arunachal Pradesh use the leaf juice mixed with garlic extract given in treating blood pressure or cooked leaf is taken for the same.[8][9] Among the Mizo, leaves are cooked as vegetable, and is always a special ingredient in preparing dog meat. Locally known as 'Anphui / Phuihnam' is popularly used to control hypertension.[10] Like their Mizo brethren, the Hmar, the Garos of Meghalaya and Kukis of Manipur, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Myanmar also used the leaves to control hypertension and as a vegetables and is known as 'Anphui' in their dialect. More often than not, is used extensively in the preparation of pork curry. It is a popular folk remedy for hypertension throughout north-eastern India.[11][12]

References
  1. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. (1994–). "Clerodendrum". In: Flora of China. Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Vol. 17, Page 34.
  2. ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants
  3. Adeneye AA, Adekele TI, Adeneye AK (2008). "Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of the aqueous fresh leaves extract of Clerodendrum capitatum in Wistar rats". J Ethnopharmacol. 116 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.029. PMID 18055145.
  4. Yang H, Jiang B, Hou AJ, Lin ZW, Sun HD (2000). "Colebroside A, a new diglucoside of fatty acid ester of glycerin from Clerodendrum colebrookianum". J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2 (3): 177–185. doi:10.1080/10286020008039909. PMID 11256691. S2CID 42525122.
  5. Yang H, Wang J, Hou AJ, Guo YP, Lin ZW, Sun HD (2000). "New steroids from Clerodendrum colebrookianum". Fitoterapia. 71 (6): 641–648. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00223-9. PMID 11077170.
  6. Yang H, Mei SH, Jiang B, Lin ZW, Sun HD (2000). "Two New C29 Sterols from Clerodendrum colebrookianum" (PDF). Chinese Chem Lett. 11 (1): 57–60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  7. Singh NR, Singh MS (2006). "Wild medicinal plants of Manipur included in the Red List" (PDF). Asian Agri History. 13 (3): 221–225.
  8. Yonggam D. Ethno Medico-Botany of the Mishing Tribe of East Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh Archived 2011-04-21 at the Wayback Machine
  9. Singh J, Bhuyan TC, Ahmed A (1996). "Ethnobotanical studies on the Mishing tribes of Assam with special reference to food & medicinal plants-1". J Econ-Taxon Bot. 12 (1): 350–356.
  10. Sharma HK, Chhangte L, Dolui AK (2001). "Traditional medicinal plants in Mizoram, India". Fitoterapia. 72 (2): 146–161. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00278-1. PMID 11223224.
  11. Nath SC, Bordoloi DN (1991). "Clerodendrum colebrookianum, a folk remedy for the treatment of hypertension in northeastern India". J Pharmacog. 29 (2): 127–129. doi:10.3109/13880209109082863.
  12. Bordoloi B, Borthakur SK (1997). "Botanical identity of 'Phuinum' a folk Remedy for hypertension". BMEBR. 18 (1): 18–29. Archived from the original on 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
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