Corruption in Singapore

Corruption in Singapore is generally perceived as one of the lowest in the world. Cases are mostly handled by the Singapore Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB), a government agency in Singapore that investigates and prosecutes corruption in the public and private sectors.[1]

According to Transparency International, an overwhelming majority of people in Singapore do not witness cases of corruption by public officials or institutions in their lifetime. A GAN Integrity report states that is also little to no risk of corruption in the judicial system, and that irregular payments or bribes to obtain favorable judicial decisions has never been observed. Judicial independence is guaranteed by the constitution and is generally respected in practice. Furthermore, corruption is also almost non-existent in public sectors such as statutory boards of the government, especially in regards to customs, the police force, land and tax administrations.[2]

The Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index also states that Singapore is in the low risk of its corruption categories, making it top of the league among ASEAN member states and one of the highest scoring countries in the Asia-Pacific region.[3] As of 2020, Singapore is ranked as the fourth least corrupt country in the world and has been consistently ranked the most transparent in Asia for more than a decade.[4][5]

Overview

Transparency International's 2020 Corruption Perception Index ranks the country 4th place out of 180 countries.[6][7]

Companies face very low risks of corruption in the city-state, which has numerous safeguards and rigorous audit controls. Key anti-corruption legislation includes the Penal Code and the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA), which prohibit active and passive bribery, gifts and facilitation payments in the public and private sector. Maximum punishment includes fines of up to S$100,000, prison sentences of up to ten years and in some instances both. Facilitation payments, bribery and gifts are uncommon in business transactions.[2]

Business executives surveyed in the World Economic Forum's 2014–2015 Global Competitiveness Report reported no problems doing business in Singapore.[8] A Global Corruption Index (GCI) also placed Singapore as "very low" in its risk evaluation of corruption, which covers 198 countries and territories. Singapore has also ratified the United Nations Convention against Corruption.[9]

The political reasoning behind why Singaporean corruption is generally immensely low is due to the fact that compared to neighboring nations such as Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand, the powers of the state were able to pressure private interests into funneling capital into sectors that would ultimately benefit the public in the long term. Singaporeans are also encouraged to become whistleblowers if they witness cases of corruption occurring, and that they could do so without any fear of repercussions.[10]

Indicators of corruption

Common measurement of Corruption on Singapore[11]
Year Corruption Perception Index[12] Bribes Payer Index[13] Control of Corruption [14]
RankScoreRankScoreRankScore
20204/18085/100----
20194/18085/100----
20183/18085/100----
20176/18084/100----
20167/16884/100----
20158/16885/100----
20147/17584/100----
20135/17786/100----
20125/17687/100----
20115/1839.2/108/288.3/10--
20101/1789.3/10--99%2.18370827

Notable case studies

These are case studies of corruption during the 2010s that was put out by the CPIB in both public and private sectors, as well as its conclusions. Everyone who were usually involved in such cases eventually received lengthy fines and jail terms, and is seen as a way to deter anyone from possibly engaging in corruption in the future.[15][16]

SLA (2011)

Former Singapore Land Authority (SLA) deputy director of technology and infrastructure, Koh Seah Wee, and former SLA manager, Christopher Lim Chai Meng, were sentenced to jail by the High Court on cheating and money laundering charges. Koh was sentenced to 22 years of jail after admitting to 59 charges and Lim was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment after admitting to 49 charges. Of the $12.2 million laundered, $7.5 million was recovered from Koh. Koh and Lim cheated SLA by using false invoices issued by ex-swim coach Ho Yen Teck who set up seven sole proprietorships to provide fake IT maintenance services and goods that were not delivered. Ho was jailed for 10 years for the conspiracy.[17]

SCDF and CNB (2012)

In January 2012, two senior civil servants were arrested under graft charges. Former head of the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF), Peter Lim Sin Pang,[18] was arrested on 19 December 2011, while Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) chief, Ng Boon Gay, was taken in for questioning on 4 January 2012.[19] Both men were arrested in connection with the Prevention of Corruption Act relating to an IT contract,[20] and in late January 2012, it was announced that both men are also facing disciplinary action by the Public Service Commission, which oversees the conduct of civil servants. After being interdicted, a step only taken when an individual “faces serious offences for which 'criminal proceedings or proceedings for his dismissal or reduction in rank are being contemplated'”,[21] the case provoked comment from Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong who promised to punish both men if they are guilty of misconduct.[22] The CPIB’s silence on this investigation came under the scrutiny of a number of MPs during a parliamentary sitting in February 2012. Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Home Affairs, Teo Chee Hean then defended the CPIB, stating that any announcement on the outcome of the probe would have been premature and may have compromised the investigation. He also assured concerned MPs that all the findings of the investigation would be publicly reported once they had been finalised.[23] Peter Lim Sin Pang was dismissed from service in August 2013 after the court verdict[24] and found guilty, whereas Ng Boon Gay took an early retirement[25] after the court verdict is a discharge amounting to an acquittal.

CPIB (2013)

On 23 July 2013, Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) assistant director Edwin Yeo Seow Hionh was charged with misappropriating at least $1.7 million from the anti-graft agency between 2008 and 2012.[26] Yeo was interdicted from his position as head of field research and technical support at CPIB to assist in a Commercial Affairs Department (CAD) probe into his suspected financial impropriety. Eight of the charges were for misappropriating funds and criminal breach of trust, one was for forgery and the rest were in using part of his ill-gotten gains to gamble at the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) casino.[27] On 20 February 2014, Yeo was sentenced to 10 years jail.[28]

MFA (2014)

On 20 February 2014, former Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) protocol chief Lim Cheng Hoe, 61, was sentenced to 15 months' jail for cheating. From February 2008 to May 2012, Lim made false claims for $89,000 worth of pineapple tarts and wine as gifts for foreign diplomats.[29][30]

Ang Mo Kio Town Council (2016)

General manager and secretary of Ang Mo Kio Town Council (AMKTC), Victor Wong Chee Meng, was removed from his position and placed under investigation by CPIB, after a complaint was lodged in September 2016 over "the way he handles contracts and dealings in the town council". Wong, a Public Service Medal recipient, was concurrently an employee of CPG Facilities Management, which is the appointed managing agent of the town council.[31][32] On 14 March 2018, Wong is charged with 55 counts of corruption offence for receiving some $107,000 in bribes from Chia Sin Lan and Yip Fong Yin, directors of two building and repair companies.[33]

Keppel Corporation (2017)

According to US prosecutors, Keppel’s offshore and marine arm, Keppel O&M, agreed to pay a US$422 million settlement to avoid a criminal trial for bribing Brazilian officials. Court documents released by the US justice department revealed that Keppel O&M paid US$55 million in bribes between 2001 and 2014, to win 13 contracts with Petrobras and Sete Brasil – two Brazilian oil companies deeply mired in the country’s wide-ranging Operation Car Wash graft scandal.[34] Keppel Corporation is one of the Government-Linked Companies (GLCs) under Temasek Holdings.[35]

Republic of Singapore Air Force (2018)

An Air Force contractor was jailed for 26 months on 27 July 2018 for 28 counts of corruption, cheating and breaching the Official Secrets Act while working at Tengah Air Base and Sembawang Air Base. He leaked tender quotations in order to secure contracts for companies set up by his wife and friends. The total value of contracts awarded to GAS, EFAS, Duratech and GTW set up for the scam was $1,817,379.87 over the period from 2008 to 2014.[36]

See also

References

  1. "CPIB - Roles and functions".
  2. "Singapore Corruption Report". GAN Integrity. GAN Integrity. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  3. "Singapore". Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index. Transparency International. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  4. "Corruption Perceptions Index 2019". Transparency International.
  5. "Corruption Control in Singapore" (PDF). United Nations Asia and Far East Institute. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  6. "Corruption Perception Index 2017".
  7. "2015 Corruption Perceptions Index: Results". Transparency International. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  8. "Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014". The World Economic Forum. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  9. "Global Corruption Index". Global Corruption Index. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  10. Doner, Richard F.; Ritchie, Bryan K.; Slater, Dan (April 2005). "Systemic Vulnerability and the Origins of Developmental States: Northeast and Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective". International Organization. 59 (2): 327–361. doi:10.1017/S0020818305050113. ISSN 1531-5088.
  11. Transparency International, "Corruption in Singapore"
  12. Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries/territories based on how corrupt a country’s public sector is perceived to be. It is a composite index, drawing on corruption-related data from expert and business surveys carried out by a variety of independent and reputable institutions.Scores range from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). Prior to 2012, the scope is up to scale of 10. Source: Transparency International
  13. Bribe Payers Index ranks the world’s wealthiest and most economically influential countries according to the likelihood of their firms to bribe abroad. Scores range from 0 to 10, indicating the likelihood of firms headquartered in these countries to bribe when operating abroad. The higher the score for the country, the lower the likelihood of companies from this country to engage in bribery when doing business abroad. Source: Transparency International
  14. Control of corruption reflects perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain. This includes both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as "capture" of the state by elites and private interests. It is one of the six dimensions of the Worldwide Governance Indicators.Point estimates range from about -2.5 to 2.5. Higher values correspond to better governance outcomes. Source: World Bank
  15. https://www.cpib.gov.sg/case-studies/public-sector
  16. https://www.cpib.gov.sg/case-studies/private-sector
  17. "Ex-SLA employees sentenced to at least 15 years' jail". sg.news.yahoo.com.
  18. "Gallery: Corruption trial of ex-SCDF chief Peter Lim underway". MediaCorp Press Ltd. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  19. Leonard Lim (26 January 2012). "CPIB: Top men were arrested, being probed for graft". Straits Times.
  20. "Woman in centre of CPIB probe leads double life". AsiaOne. 28 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  21. Toh Yong Chuan (28 January 2012). "CPIB probe: Duo facing civil service disciplinary proceedings as well". Straits Times.
  22. Chua Lee Hoong (28 January 2012). "Govt will follow through on CPIB probe into 2 top men: PM Lee". Straits Times.
  23. AsiaOne (14 February 2012). "Premature announcement would have compromised CPIB investigations: DPM Teo". AsiaOne.
  24. "Ex-SCDF chief Peter Lim dismissed from service". MediaCorp Press Ltd. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  25. "Ex-CNB chief Ng Boon Gay retired from public service: MHA". MediaCorp Press Ltd. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  26. "CPIB officer facing 21 charges of fraud involving at least $1.7 million". The Straits Times. July 24, 2013.
  27. "Senior CPIB officer charged with stealing S$1.76 million engages lawyer". sg.news.yahoo.com.
  28. "Former CPIB Assistant Director jailed 10 years". TODAYonline.
  29. "Ex-MFA protocol chief Lim Cheng Hoe sentenced to 15 months' jail for cheating". The Straits Times. February 20, 2014.
  30. "Former MFA protocol chief Lim Cheng Hoe pleads guilty to 10 counts of fraud". AsiaOne.
  31. "Ang Mo Kio Town Council general manager investigated by CPIB". sg.news.yahoo.com.
  32. "General manager of PAP town council removed from duties and placed under CPIB investigations". The Online Citizen. December 29, 2016.
  33. "Former general manager of Ang Mo Kio Town Council charged in court for alleged corruption". The Online Citizen. March 14, 2018.
  34. "Oil, bribes, politicians: what happened to 'clean' Singapore?". South China Morning Post. 2017-12-29.
  35. "Workers' Party to file Parliamentary Questions on Keppel corruption scandal". The Online Citizen. December 29, 2017.
  36. "Ex-RSAF engineer who cheated Government over $1.8M contracts jailed". sg.news.yahoo.com.
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