Daimler Straight-Eight engines

Daimler Straight-Eight engines were eight-cylinder in-line petrol engines made by the Daimler Company to power the largest and most expensive cars in their range. The Straight-Eight engines replaced Daimler's earlier Double-Six V12 engines. Unlike the Double-Six engines, which used sleeve valves based on the Knight patents, the Straight-Eights used conventional poppet valves in the overhead valve configuration.

Twenty-Five
3¾-litres V 26 engine
Overview
ManufacturerThe Daimler Company Limited
Productionearly 1934 to September 1935
Layout
Configuration8-cylinder in-line[1]
Displacement3,746 cc (228.6 cu in)[2]
Cylinder bore72 mm (2.8 in)[2]
Piston stroke115 mm (4.5 in)[2]
Block materialaluminium alloy. 9-bearing crankshaft with vibration damper[1]
Head materialone-piece detachable
ValvetrainOHV worked by pushrods from a nine-bearing camshaft-in-block,
timing is mounted at the back of the block[3]
Compression ratio5.5:1[3]
Combustion
Fuel systemStromberg twin downdraught carburettor with cleaner and silencer, mixture thermostatically controlled (automatic choke). The induction system is split; four central cylinders are fed by one section, outer pairs by the other section.[1][3]
Fuel typepetrol supplied by mechanical pump[4]
Cooling systemwater, pump and fan, thermostatically controlled[4]
Output
Power output90 bhp (67 kW; 91 PS)[3] @3,600 rpm (claimed)
Tax rating 25.7 hp[4]
Chronology
Predecessor3.7-litre Double-Six 30
SuccessorThirty-Two V 4½
V26 gear selector and fascia

Three series of Straight-Eight engines were built between 1934 and the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939; another series, the DE36, was built after the war from 1946 to 1953.

Origin

The Straight-Eight engine was announced by The Daimler Company Limited on 1 May 1934 with its first vehicle, Daimler's new Twenty-Five saloon and limousine. The new engine was the first of a series intended to replace Daimler's outmoded large sleeve-valve six-cylinder and twelve-cylinder engines. The sleeve-valve engines with silence and great low-speed torque were unable to spin fast enough to make full use of new combustion technology and remain reliable.[5] These new engines were intended to run comfortably at 4,000 rpm.[3]

The general aim with the engine was "to give the greatest luxury in travel as expressed by quietness, smoothness, flexibility, and general ease and safety of control rather than great speed".[5]

While a great deal of useful experience had been acquired by Daimler from Lanchester, who were still building their overhead camshaft straight-eight when they were purchased in 1931, the Daimler Straight-Eight is not a copy.[6]

Twenty-Five V 26

1934 Twenty-Five Straight-Eight limousine by Hooper

In the Daimler Twenty-Five the straight-eight was mounted using their Daimler-patented bi-axial design by which flexible support is given to the engine at five points. The gearbox was also held with rubber at three points and one underneath.[5]

The one-piece cylinder-head had the spark plugs sunk into it at an angle along the nearside. The make and break and the distributor were set almost vertically at the side of the block. Alongside was the coil with a spare mounted beside it. The generator on the offside shares a triple belt drive with the water pump and the radiator cooling fan.[5]

The crankshaft was fully counterbalanced, mounted in nine main bearings, and fitted with a vibration damper. The valves, like other poppet valve Daimlers, had wide clearances, in some cases more than 0.060 inches (1.52 mm). They were overhead and driven by pushrods from a chain driven camshaft taking power from the rear end of the crankshaft.[3]

Increased engine size

In September 1935 it was announced that the cylinder bore was now increased to 80 mm increasing the engine's capacity from 3.746 to 4.624 litres following the 25% reduction in horsepower tax which took effect on 1 January 1935. intended to provide improved performance but more important lighter running for the engines and a consequent extension of silent and comfortable service. The tax horsepower rating is now 31.74.[7]

Thirty-Two V 4½

Thirty-Two
4½-litre V 4½ engine
Overview
ManufacturerThe Daimler Company Limited
ProductionDecember 1935[8]-
Layout
Configuration8-cylinder in-line[8]
Displacement4,624 cc (282.2 cu in)[8]
Cylinder bore80 mm (3.1 in)[8]
Piston stroke115 mm (4.5 in)[8]
ValvetrainOHV worked by pushrods from a nine-bearing camshaft-in-block[9]
Compression ratio6:1[8]
Combustion
Fuel systemStromberg twin downdraught carburettor with cleaner and silencer, mixture thermostatically controlled (automatic choke).[4]
Fuel typepetrol
Cooling systemwater, thermostatically controlled[4]
Output
Power outputTax rating 31.74 hp[8]
Chronology
PredecessorTwenty-Five V 26
SuccessorThirty-Six DE 36

In most respects, the Thirty-Two V 4½ was a bored out version of the V26, which it replaced. The compression ratio was increased to 6 to 1.[8] These engines were also fitted to a number of chassis made after 1936 which were fitted with a Lanchester radiator and nameplates.[10]

Light Straight-Eight E 3½ and E 4

Twenty-Six
3½-litre E 3½ engine
Overview
ManufacturerThe Daimler Company Limited
Production1936-1937[4]
Layout
Configuration8-cylinder in-line[7]
Displacement3,421 cc (208.8 cu in)[7]
Cylinder bore72 mm (2.8 in)[7]
Piston stroke105 mm (4.1 in)[7]
Head materialnon-detachable
ValvetrainOHV worked by pushrods from a nine-bearing camshaft-in-block[7]
Combustion
Fuel systemStromberg twin downdraught carburettor with cleaner and silencer, mixture thermostatically controlled (automatic choke). The induction system is split; four central cylinders are fed by one section, outer pairs by the other section.[7]
Cooling systemwater, thermostatically controlled[7]
Output
Power outputTax rating 25.7 hp[7]
Chronology
SuccessorTwenty-Seven DE 27

Introduced in 1936, the E 3½ was an entirely new engine to power a livelier car for the owner driver.[11] During 1935 a 3½-litre Straight-Eight open car achieved a maximum timed speed at Brooklands of slightly in excess of 90 mph.[12]

Increased engine size

In August 1938 the engine bore was increased to 77.47 mm (3.050 in) and the engine was renamed E 4.[13] The increase in bore increased the following:

  • Cubic capacity to 3,960 cc (241.7 cu in)[14]
  • Power output to 95 bhp (71 kW; 96 PS)[14] @3,600 rpm,[4] and
  • Tax rating to 29.77 hp[4]
4-litre Thirty 1939 example
for the Lord Mayor of London

Thirty-Six DE 36

Thirty-Six
5½-litre DE 36 engine
Overview
ManufacturerThe Daimler Company Limited
Layout
Configuration8-cylinder in-line[15]
Displacement5,460 cc (333.2 cu in)[15]
Cylinder bore85.1 mm (3.35 in)[15]
Piston stroke120 mm (4.7 in)[15]
ValvetrainOHV worked by pushrods[15] from a nine-bearing camshaft-in-block
Compression ratio6.3:1[15]
Combustion
Fuel systemTwin SU downdraught carburettors with cleaner and silencer, mixture thermostatically controlled (automatic choke). The induction system is split; four central cylinders are fed by one section, outer pairs by the other section.[7]
Fuel typepetrol, fuel pump AC mechanical[15]
Oil systemGear driven pump, Tecalemit full flow filter[15]
Cooling systemwater, thermostatically controlled[15]
Output
Power output150 bhp (110 kW; 150 PS) @3,600 rpm,[15]
Tax rating 35.92 hp
Chronology
PredecessorThirty-Two V 4½
SuccessorRegina DF400 and DK400
5½-litre Thirty-Six 1946 example

The DE 36 was the last Daimler Straight-Eight.[16] Developed from the Thirty-Two V 4½,[17] the DE 36's bore and stroke were, at 85.1 mm × 120.0 mm (3.35 in × 4.72 in), identical to those of the six-cylinder 27 hp (RAC) engine being used in the DE 27 limousine and DC 27 ambulance.[18]

5½-litre Thirty-Six 1947 example
State landaulette
5½-litre Thirty-Six 1948 example
allweather in royal livery
5½-litre Thirty-Six 1949 example
Cars bought for George VI's planned tour of New Zealand 1952
limousine, landaulette and allweather with perspex head
and their three backup cars

Notes

  1. New Eight-Cylinder Daimler.The Times, Tuesday, May 01, 1934; pg. 9; Issue 46742.
  2. Cars Of To-Day. The Times, Tuesday, May 29, 1934; pg. 19; Issue 46766
  3. Smith 1972, p. 88.
  4. Smith 1972, p. 
  5. New Eight-Cylinder Daimler.The Times, Thursday, May 17, 1934; pg. 13; Issue 46756
  6. Smith 1972, pp. 85–86.
  7. Motor-Cars Of 1936. The Times, Saturday, Sep 28, 1935; pg. 6; Issue 47181
  8. Smith 1972, p. 92.
  9. Smith 1972, pp. 88, 92.
  10. Smith 1972, p. 98.
  11. Smith 1972, p. 100.
  12. Smith 1972, p. 101.
  13. Smith 1972, pp. 119–120.
  14. Smith 1972, p. 120.
  15. Road Test No. 15/47. The Motor, December 17, 1947
    (reprinted in Smith 1972, p. 161)
  16. Douglas-Scott-Montagu & Burgess-Wise 1995, p. 249.
  17. Sedgwick 1979, p. 249.
  18. Culshaw & Horrobin 2013, p. 116.

References

  • Culshaw, David; Horrobin, Peter (2013) [1974]. "Daimler". The Complete Catalogue of British Cars 1895 - 1975 (e-book ed.). Poundbury, Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing. pp. 109–118. ISBN 978-1-845845-83-4.
  • Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Edward John Barrington & Burgess-Wise, David (1995). Daimler Century: The full history of Britain's oldest car maker. Foreword by HRH The Duke of Edinburgh. Sparkford, Nr Yeovil, Somerset, UK: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 1 85260 494 8.
  • Sedgwick, Michael (1979). The motor car, 1946-56. B. T. Batsford. ISBN 0713412712.
  • Smith, Brian E. (1972). The Daimler Tradition. Isleworth, UK: Transport Bookman. ISBN 085184 014 0.
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