Automotive industry

The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles.[1] It is one of the world's largest industries by revenue. The automotive industry does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles following delivery to the end-user, such as automobile repair shops and motor fuel filling stations.

A modern assembly-line

The word automotive comes from the Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle. This term, as proposed by Elmer Sperry[2] (1860-1930), first came into use with reference to automobiles in 1898.[3]

History

Thomas B. Jeffery automobile factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin, c.1916

Fiat assembly line in 1961

The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the U.S. automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.[4] After 1945, the U.S. produced about 75 percent of world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and then became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U.S. production of 10.3 million units, while Japan was in third place with 9.9 million units.[5] From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.[6]

Safety

Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, damage or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves, implies that there is no risk of damage.

Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard ISO 26262, is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety.[7]

In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material.

Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.

Economy

In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m³) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.[8] The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed.[9] It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car anymore, and prefer other modes of transport.[10] Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.[11] Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.[12][13] However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.[9] In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.[14]

World motor vehicle production

World Motor Vehicle Production[15]

Production volume (1000 vehicles)

1960s: Post war increase

1970s: Oil crisis and tighter safety and emission regulation.

1990s: production started in NICs

2000s: rise of China as top producer

Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010

to 1950: USA had produced more than 80% of motor vehicles.[16]

1950s: UK, Germany and France restarted production.

1960s: Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. US, Japan, Germany, France and UK produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.

1990s: South Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.

2000s: China increased its production drastically, and became the world's largest producing country in 2009 .

2010s: India overtakes Korea, Canada, Spain to become 5th largest automobile producer.

2013: The share of China (25.4%), India, Korea, Brazil and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of USA (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France and UK fell to 34%.

2018: India overtakes Germany to become 4th largest automobile producer.

World motor production (1997-2016)

By year

[17]

Year	Production	Change	Source
1997	54,434,000	—	[18]
1998	52,987,000	2.7%	[18]
1999	56,258,892	6.2%	[19]
2000	58,374,162	3.8%	[20]
2001	56,304,925	3.5%	[21]
2002	58,994,318	4.8%	[22]
2003	60,663,225	2.8%	[23]
2004	64,496,220	6.3%	[24]
2005	66,482,439	3.1%	[25]
2006	69,222,975	4.1%	[26]
2007	73,266,061	5.8%	[27]
2008	70,520,493	3.7%	[28]
2009	61,791,868	12.4%	[29]
2010	77,857,705	26.0%	[30]
2011	79,989,155	3.1%	[31]
2012	84,141,209	5.3%	[32]
2013	87,300,115	3.7%	[33]
2014	89,747,430	2.6%	[34]
2015	90,086,346	0.4%	[35]
2016	94,976,569	4.5%	[36]
2017	97,302,534	2.36%	[37]
2018	95,634,593	1.71%	[38]
2019	91,786,861	5.2%	[39]

[[File:2014 Cars Countries Export Treemap.png|thumb|upright=1.35|left|Car exports by country (2014) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity]

Global automobile import and export in 2011

By country

The OICA counts over 50 countries which assemble, manufacture or disseminate automobiles. Of that figure, only 14 countries (boldfaced in the list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up.[40][41]

Algeria
Argentina
Australia (main page)
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh (main page)
Belarus (main page)
Belgium
Brazil (main page)
Bulgaria (main page)
Canada (main page)
China (main page)
Colombia
Czech Republic
Ecuador
Egypt (main page)
Finland
France (main page)
Ghana
Germany (main page)
Hungary (main page)
India (main page)
Indonesia (main page)
Iran (main page)
Italy (main page)
Japan (main page)
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya (main page)
Malaysia (main page)
Mexico (main page)
Morocco (main page)
Netherlands
Pakistan (main page)
Philippines (main page)
Poland (main page)
Portugal
Romania (main page)
Russia (main page)
Serbia (main page)
Slovakia (main page)
Slovenia
South Africa (main page)
South Korea (main page)
Spain (main page)
Sweden (main page)
Taiwan
Thailand (main page)
Tunisia
Turkey (main page)
Ukraine (main page)
United Kingdom (main page)
United States (main page)
Uzbekistan (main page)
Venezuela
Vietnam (main page)

Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries (2018)
Country	Motor vehicle production (units)
China	27,809,196
United States	11,314,705
Japan	9,728,528
India	5,174,645
Germany	5,120,409
Mexico	4,100,525
South Korea	4,028,834
Brazil	2,879,809
Spain	2,819,565
France	2,270,000
Thailand	2,167,694
Canada	2,020,840
Russia	1,767,674
United Kingdom	1,604,328
Turkey	1,550,150
Czech Republic	1,345,041
Indonesia	1,343,714
Iran	1,095,526
Slovakia	1,090,000
Italy	1,060,068
"Production Statistics". OICA.

By manufacturer

This were the 15 largest manufacturers by production volume in 2017, according to OICA.[17]

Rank	Group	Country	Vehicles
1	Toyota	Japan	10,466,051
2	Volkswagen Group	Germany	10,382,334
3	Hyundai	South Korea	7,218,391
4	General Motors	United States	6,856,880
5	Ford	United States	6,386,818
6	Nissan	Japan	5,769,277
7	Honda	Japan	5,236,842
8	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	Netherlands	4,600,847
9	Renault	France	4,153,589
10	Groupe PSA	France	3,649,742
11	Suzuki	Japan	3,302,336
12	SAIC	China	2,866,913
13	Daimler	Germany	2,549,142
14	BMW	Germany	2,505,741
15	Geely	China	1,950,382

Other rankings

This is the list of the 15 largest publicly-traded car manufacturers by market capitalisation as of 23 January 2021, according to CompaniesMarketCap.com.[42]

Rank	Group	Reg. base	Market cap (US dollars)
1	Tesla	United States	$802.53 billion
2	Toyota	Japan	$204.38 billion
3	Volkswagen	Germany	$104.74 billion
4	BYD	China	$98.09 billion
5	NIO	China	$96.57 billion
6	General Motors	United States	$79.29 billion
7	Daimler	Germany	$76.44 billion
8	BMW	Germany	$55.64 billion
9	Hyundai	South Korea	$54.27 billion
10	Volvo	Sweden	$53.01 billion
11	Ferrari	Netherlands	$52.21 billion
12	Stellantis	Netherlands	$50.38 billion
13	Great Wall Motors	China	$47.13 billion
14	Honda	Japan	$47.08 billion
15	Ford	United States	$45.83 billion

Top 10 largest motor vehicle manufacturers by revenue (2019)[43][44]
Rank	Group	Country	Revenue (USD)
1	Volkswagen	Germany	$290.2B
2	Toyota	Japan	$272.3B
3	Stellantis (PSA-FCA)	Netherlands	$205.6B
4	Ford	United States	$156B
5	Honda	Japan	$143.1B
6	General Motors	United States	$137.2B
7	BMW	Germany	$116.9B
8	Daimler	Germany	$104.6B
9	Nissan	Japan	$92B
10	Hyundai	South Korea	$90.8B

Notable company relationships

Stake holding

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.

Notable current relationships include:

Daihatsu holds a 25% stake in Perodua.[45]
Daimler holds a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ.
Daimler holds an 89.29% stake in Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation.
Daimler holds a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Alliance, while Renault-Nissan Alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG.
Daimler holds a 12% stake in BAIC Group, while BAIC Group holds 5% stake in Daimler.[46]
Daimler holds an 85% stake in Master Motors.
Dongfeng Motor holds a 12.23% stake and a 19.94% exercisable voting rights in PSA Groupe.
FAW Group owns 49% of Haima Automobile.
FCA holds a 10% stake in Ferrari.
FCA holds a 67% stake in Fiat Automobili Srbija.
FCA holds 37.8% of Tofaş with another 37.8% owned by Koç Holding.
Fiat Automobili Srbija owns a 54% stake in Zastava Trucks.
Fiat Industrial owns a 46% stake in Zastava Trucks.
Fujian Motors Group holds a 15% stake in King Long. FMG, Beijing Automotive Group, China Motor, and Daimler has a joint venture called Fujian Benz. FMG, China Motor, and Mitsubishi Motors has a joint venture called Soueast, FMG holds a 50% stake, and both China Motor and Mitsubishi Motors holds an equal 25% stake.
Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in The London Taxi Company.
Geely Automobile holds a 49.9% stake in PROTON Holdings and a 51% stake in Lotus Cars.[47]
Geely Holding Group holds a 9.69% stake in Daimler AG.[48]
Geely Holding Group holds an 8.3% stake and a 15.9% exercisable voting rights in Volvo.
General Motors holds a 93% stake in GM India and SAIC Group holds a 7% stake.
General Motors holds a 94% stake in GM Korea and SAIC Group holds a 6% stake.
General Motors holds a 20% stake in Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines.
Isuzu owns 10% of Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines.
Mahindra & Mahindra holds a 70% stake in SsangYong Motor .
MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania.
Marcopolo owns 19% of New Flyer Industries.
Mitsubishi Group holds 20% of Mitsubishi Motors.
Nissan owns 34% of Mitsubishi Motors since October 2016,[49] thus having the right to nominate the chairman of Mitsubishi Motors' board and a third of its directors.[50]
Nissan owns 43% of Nissan Shatai.
Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% voting stake in Volkswagen Group. The Porsche automotive business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group.
Renault and Nissan Motors have an alliance (Renault-Nissan Alliance) involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 43.4% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares.
Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ
Renault holds an 80.1% stake in Renault Samsung.
SAIPA holds a 51% stake in Pars Khodro.
Tata Motors holds a 100% stake in Jaguar Land Rover.
Toyota holds a 100% stake in Daihatsu.
Toyota holds a 50.1% stake in Hino.
Toyota holds a 5.9% stake in Isuzu.
Toyota holds a 5.05% stake in Mazda, while Mazda holds 0.25% stake in Toyota.[51]
Toyota holds a 16.7% stake in Subaru Corporation, parent company of Subaru.
Toyota holds a 4.94% stake in Suzuki, while Suzuki holds 0.2% stake in Toyota.[52]
Volkswagen Group holds a 99.55% stake in the Audi Group.
Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), a 53.7% stake in MAN SE (55.9% voting rights), Volkswagen is integrating Scania, MAN and its own truck division into one division.
Paccar has a 19% stake in Tatra.
ZAP holds a 51% stake in Zhejiang Jonway.

China joint venture

Beijing Automotive Group has a joint venture with Daimler called Beijing Benz, both companies hold a 50-50% stake. both companies also have a joint venture called Beijing Foton Daimler Automobile.
Beijing Automotive Group also has a joint venture with Hyundai called Beijing Hyundai, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
BMW and Brilliance have a joint venture called BMW Brilliance . BMW owns a 50% stake, Brilliance owns a 40.5% stake, and the Shenyang municipal government owns a 9.5% stake.
Changan Automobile has a joint venture with Groupe PSA (Changan PSA ), both hold a 50-50% stake.
Changan Automobile has a joint venture with Suzuki (Changan Suzuki ), both hold a 50-50% stake.
Changan Automobile has a 50-50% joint venture with Mazda (Changan Mazda ).
Changan Automobile and Ford have a 50-50% joint venture called Changan Ford.
Changan Automobile and JMCG have a joint venture called Jiangling Motor Holding.
Chery has a joint venture with Jaguar Land Rover called Chery Jaguar Land Rover, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.[53]
Chery and Israel Corporation has a joint venture called Qoros, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
Dongfeng Motor and Nissan have a 50-50% joint venture called Dongfeng Motor Company.
Dongfeng Motor and PSA Group have a 50-50% joint venture called Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroen .
Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture with Honda called Dongfeng Honda .
Dongfeng Motor has a joint venture with AB Volvo called Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel .
Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture with Renault named Dongfeng Renault in Wuhan, which was founded in the end of 2013
FAW Group and General Motors has a 50-50 joint venture called FAW-GM.
FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture with Volkswagen Group called FAW-Volkswagen .
FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture with Toyota called Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor and both companies also have another joint venture called Ranz .
General Motors and SAIC Motor, both have two joint ventures in SAIC-GM and SAIC-GM-Wuling.

Outside China

Daimler AG and BYD Auto have a joint venture called Denza, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
Daimler AG and Geely Holding Group have a joint venture called smart Automobile, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.[54]
Ford and Navistar International have a 50-50 joint venture called Blue Diamond Truck .
Ford and Sollers JSC have a 50-50 joint venture called Ford Sollers .
Ford and Koç Holding have a 50-50 joint venture called Ford Otosan .
Ford and Lio Ho Group have a joint venture called Ford Lio Ho, Ford owns 70% and Lio Ho Group owns 30%.
General Motors and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called GM Uzbekistan, UzAvtosanoat owns 75% and General Motors owns 25%.
General Motors, AvtoVAZ, and EBRD have a joint venture called GM-AvtoVAZ, Both GM and AvtoVAZ owns 41.61% and EBRD owns 16.76%.
Hyundai Motor Company and Kibar Holding has a joint venture called Hyundai Assan Otomotiv, Hyundai owns 70% and Kibar Holding owns 30%.
Isuzu and Anadolu Group have a 50-50% joint venture called Anadolu Isuzu .
Isuzu and General Motors has a 50-50% joint venture called Isuzu Truck South Africa .
Isuzu, Sollers JSC, and Imperial Sojitz have a joint venture called Sollers-Isuzu, Sollers JSC owns 66%, Isuzu owns 29%, and Imperial Sojitz owns 5%.
Mahindra & Mahindra and Navistar International have a joint venture called Mahindra Trucks and Buses Limited . Mahindra & Mahindra owns 51% and Navistar International owns 49%.
Mahindra & Mahindra has a joint venture with Ford Motor Company in India, where Mahindra & Mahindra owns 51% and Ford owns 49%.
MAN SE and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called MAN Auto-Uzbekistan, UzAvtosanoat owns 51% and MAN SE owns 49%.
Navistar International and JAC has a joint venture called Anhui Jianghuai Navistar .
PSA and Toyota have a 50-50% joint venture called Toyota Peugeot Citroen Automobile Czech .
PSA and CK Birla Group (AVTEC) have a 50-50% joint venture called PSA AVTEC Powertrain Pvt. Ltd.
Sollers JSC is involved in joint ventures with Ford (Ford Sollers ) and Mazda to produce cars.
Tata Motors also formed a joint venture in India with Fiat and gained access to Fiat's diesel engine technology.
Tata Motors and Marcopolo have a joint venture called Tata Marcopolo, where Tata owns 51% and Marcopolo owns 49%.
Volvo Group and Eicher Motors has a 50-50% joint venture called VE Commercial Vehicles.

References

Automotive industry at the Encyclopædia Britannica
Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States (Eighth ed.). Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences. 1968. p. 164. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
Harper, Douglas. "automotive". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
"U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles". Popular Science. 115 (5): 84. November 1929. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
"2012 Production Statistics". OICA. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
Aichner, T.; Coletti, P (2013). "Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization". Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice. 15 (1): 20–35. doi:10.1057/dddmp.2013.34. S2CID 167801827.
"ISO 26262-10:2012 Road vehicles -- Functional safety -- Part 10: Guideline on ISO 26262". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
"Automobile Industry Introduction". Plunkett Research. 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
Khor, Martin. "Developing economies slowing down". twnside.org.sg. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
"2014 Global Automotive Consumer Study : Exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe" (PDF). Deloittelcom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Eisenstein, Paul A. "Building BRIC's: 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World". TheDetroitBureau.com.
Bertel Schmitt (15 February 2011). "Auto Industry Sets New World Record In 2010. Will Do It Again In 2011". The Truth About Cars. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
"Global Automotive Outlook for 2011 Appears Positive as Mature Auto Markets Recover, Emerging Markets Continue to Expand". J.D. Power and Associates. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
"U.S. vehicle sales peaked in 2000". thecherrycreeknews.com. 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
"Table 1-23: World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Thousands of vehicles)". Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
"Arno A. Evers FAIR-PR". Hydrogenambassadors.com. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
OICA: World Ranking of Manufacturers
"1998 - 1997 WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY TYPE AND ECONOMIC AREA" (PDF). oica.net. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
"1999 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2000 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2001 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2002 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2003 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2004 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2005 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2006 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2007 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2008 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2009 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2010 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2011 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2012 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2013 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2014 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2015 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2016 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2017 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2018 Production Statistics". oica.net.
"2019 Production Statistics". oica.net.
Jared Lynch, Mark Hawthorne (17 October 2015). "Australia's car industry one year from closing its doors". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
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How Much Revenue Automakers Generate Every Second
Proposed Merger to Create Fourth Largest Car Maker Statista
Archived 17 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Sun, Edward Taylor, Yilei (23 July 2019). "China's BAIC buys 5% Daimler stake to cement alliance". Reuters. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
"China's Geely to Acquire Stake in Malaysian Carmaker Proton". Bloomberg.com. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
"Mercedes and Geely joint ownership of Smart". Auto Express. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
"Nissan to take 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors - BBC News". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
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Toyota buys stake in Mazda, joint US factory, EV development planned | CarAdvice
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External links

Media related to Automotive industry at Wikimedia Commons
Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers

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[:0-1] Automotive industry at the Encyclopædia Britannica

[STS_of_US-2] Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States (Eighth ed.). Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences. 1968. p. 164. Retrieved 25 March 2014.

[3] Harper, Douglas. "automotive". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 16 October 2018.

[4] "U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles". Popular Science. 115 (5): 84. November 1929. Retrieved 6 August 2013.

[Production_Statistics-5] "2012 Production Statistics". OICA. Retrieved 6 August 2013.

[6] Aichner, T.; Coletti, P (2013). "Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization". Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice. 15 (1): 20–35. doi:10.1057/dddmp.2013.34. S2CID 167801827.

[7] "ISO 26262-10:2012 Road vehicles -- Functional safety -- Part 10: Guideline on ISO 26262". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 25 March 2014.

[8] "Automobile Industry Introduction". Plunkett Research. 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2014.

[twnside1-9] Khor, Martin. "Developing economies slowing down". twnside.org.sg. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2015.

[10] "2014 Global Automotive Consumer Study : Exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe" (PDF). Deloittelcom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.

[11] Eisenstein, Paul A. "Building BRIC's: 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World". TheDetroitBureau.com.

[12] Bertel Schmitt (15 February 2011). "Auto Industry Sets New World Record In 2010. Will Do It Again In 2011". The Truth About Cars. Retrieved 6 April 2019.

[13] "Global Automotive Outlook for 2011 Appears Positive as Mature Auto Markets Recover, Emerging Markets Continue to Expand". J.D. Power and Associates. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.

[14] "U.S. vehicle sales peaked in 2000". thecherrycreeknews.com. 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.

[15] "Table 1-23: World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Thousands of vehicles)". Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2019.

[16] "Arno A. Evers FAIR-PR". Hydrogenambassadors.com. Retrieved 3 July 2015.

[oi15-17] OICA: World Ranking of Manufacturers

[OICA9798-18] "1998 - 1997 WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY TYPE AND ECONOMIC AREA" (PDF). oica.net. Retrieved 21 July 2015.

[19] "1999 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[20] "2000 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[21] "2001 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[22] "2002 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[23] "2003 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[24] "2004 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[25] "2005 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[26] "2006 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[27] "2007 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[28] "2008 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[29] "2009 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[30] "2010 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[31] "2011 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[32] "2012 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[33] "2013 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[34] "2014 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[35] "2015 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[36] "2016 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[37] "2017 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[38] "2018 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[39] "2019 Production Statistics". oica.net.

[Australia_auto_industry_2015_smh.com.au-40] Jared Lynch, Mark Hawthorne (17 October 2015). "Australia's car industry one year from closing its doors". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.

[41] ttp://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/By-country.pdf

[42] "Largest automakers by market capitalization". CompaniesMarketCap.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

[43] How Much Revenue Automakers Generate Every Second

[44] Proposed Merger to Create Fourth Largest Car Maker Statista

[45] Archived 17 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine

[46] Sun, Edward Taylor, Yilei (23 July 2019). "China's BAIC buys 5% Daimler stake to cement alliance". Reuters. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

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