Daniel Levitin

Daniel Joseph Levitin, FRSC (born December 27, 1957) is an American-Canadian cognitive psychologist, neuroscientist, writer, musician, and record producer.[1] He is the author of four New York Times best-selling books.

Daniel J. Levitin
Levitin in 2015
Born (1957-12-27) December 27, 1957
San Francisco
NationalityAmerican, Canadian
Alma materMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Berklee College of Music
Stanford University (B.A., 1992)
University of Oregon (MSc, 1993; PhD, 1996).
Known forLevitin effect, This Is Your Brain on Music, The World in Six Songs, The Organized Mind, A Field Guide to Lies, Successful Aging (published as The Changing Mind in the U.K.)
Spouse(s)Heather Bortfeld
AwardsSee "Awards" section
Scientific career
FieldsMusic cognition, cognitive neuroscience of music, cognitive psychology
Institutions
Academic advisorsRoger Shepard, Michael Posner, Douglas Hintzman, John R. Pierce, Stephen Palmer
Notable studentsRegina Nuzzo, Susan Rogers
Websitedaniellevitin.com http://www.levitinlab.com

Levitin is James McGill Professor Emeritus of psychology and behavioral neuroscience at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Founding Dean of Arts & Humanities at The Minerva Schools at KGI; and a Distinguished Faculty Fellow at the Haas School of Business, University of California at Berkeley. From 2000 to 2017, he was Director of the Laboratory for Music Perception, Cognition, and Expertise at McGill.[2] He is a former member of the Board of Governors of the Grammys, a consultant to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a fellow of the Association for Psychological Science, a fellow of the Psychonomic Society, and a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC). He has appeared frequently as a guest commentator on NPR and CBC. He has published scientific articles on absolute pitch, music cognition, Neuroanatomy and Directional statistics.[3][4]

His five books have all been international bestsellers: This Is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession (2006),[5][6][7] The World in Six Songs: How the Musical Brain Created Human Nature (2008), The Organized Mind: Thinking Straight in the Age of Information Overload (2014), A Field Guide to Lies: Critical Thinking in the Information Age (2016) and Successful Aging (2020).

Levitin also worked as a music consultant, producer and sound designer on albums by Blue Öyster Cult, Chris Isaak, and Joe Satriani among others;[8] produced punk bands including MDC and The Afflicted; and served as a consultant on albums by artists including Steely Dan, Stevie Wonder, and Michael Brook;[9][10] and as a recording engineer for Santana, Jonathan Richman, O.J. Ekemode and the Nigerian Allstars, and The Grateful Dead.[11] Records and CDs to which he has contributed have sold in excess of 30 million copies.[10][12]

Biography and education

Born in San Francisco,[13] the son of Lloyd Levitin, a businessman and professor, and Sonia Levitin, a novelist. Levitin was raised in Daly City, Moraga, and Palos Verdes, California.[14] He graduated after his junior year at Palos Verdes High School and attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he studied applied mathematics; he enrolled at the Berklee College of Music before dropping out of college to join a succession of bands, work as a record producer, and help found a record label, 415 Records. He returned to school in his thirties, studying cognitive psychology/cognitive science first at Stanford University where he received a BA degree in 1992 (with honors and highest university distinction) and then to the University of Oregon where he received an MSc degree in 1993 and a PhD degree in 1996. He completed post-doctoral fellowships at Paul Allen's Silicon Valley think-tank Interval Research, at the Stanford University Medical School, and at the University of California, Berkeley.[14] His scientific mentors included Roger Shepard, Michael Posner, Douglas Hintzman, John R. Pierce, and Stephen Palmer. He has been a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, Dartmouth College, and Oregon Health Sciences University.

As a cognitive neuroscientist specializing in music perception and cognition, he is credited for fundamentally changing the way that scientists think about auditory memory, showing through the Levitin Effect, that long-term memory preserves many of the details of musical experience that previous theorists regarded as lost during the encoding process.[15][16][17][18] He is also known for drawing attention to the role of cerebellum in music listening, including tracking the beat and distinguishing familiar from unfamiliar music.[16]

Outside of his academic pursuits, Levitin has worked on and off as a stand-up comedian and joke writer, performing at the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco with Robin Williams in 1984, and at comedy clubs in California;[19] he placed second in the National Lampoon stand-up comedy competition regionals in San Francisco in 1989, and has contributed jokes to Jay Leno, Arsenio Hall, as well as the nationally syndicated comic strip Bizarro, some of which were included in the 2006 compilation Bizarro and Other Strange Manifestations of the Art of Dan Piraro (Andrews McMeel).[20][21]

Music

Levitin began playing piano at age 4, and took up clarinet at age 8, and bass clarinet and saxophone at age 12.[22] He played saxophone (tenor and baritone) in high school, and at age 17 performed on baritone with the big band backing up Mel Tormé at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium.[23] Levitin took up guitar at age 20, and has been a member of a number of bands, including The Alsea River Band (lead guitar), The Mortals (bass), Judy Garland (bass), The Shingles (lead guitar), Slings & Arrows (bass), JD Buhl (bass and guitar). He also played on recording sessions for Blue Öyster Cult,True West and the soundtrack to Repo Man.

He continues to perform regularly and has appeared on saxophone with Sting, Ben Sidran, and Bobby McFerrin, on guitar with Rosanne Cash, Blue Öyster Cult, Rodney Crowell, Michael Brook, Gary Lucas, Victor Wooten, Steve Bailey, Peter Case, Peter Himmelman, Lenny Kaye, Jessie Farrell, and David Byrne; and on vocals with Renée Fleming, Neil Young and Rosanne Cash.[24][25] In the fall of 2017 he toured the West Coast with singer-songwriter Tom Brosseau.

He began writing songs at age 17. His songwriting has been praised by a number of top songwriters including Diane Warren, and Joni Mitchell, who said, "Dan is really good at what he does, and creates rich images with his words and music."[26]

He released his first album of original songs, Turnaround, in January 2020 with a performance with his own band at the Rockwood Music Hall in New York City, followed by seven shows with Victor Wooten's Bass Extremes band in Los Angeles, Oakland, and Phoenix, and a performance of one of the album's songs "Just A Memory" with Renée Fleming, Victor Wooten and Hardy Hemphill sponsored by John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.[27]

Music producing and engineering
Daniel Levitin
Background information
Birth nameDaniel Joseph Levitin
Born (1957-12-27) December 27, 1957
OriginSan Francisco
GenresRock, new wave, punk, jazz, folk rock, country
Occupation(s)Producer, Engineer, Musician
InstrumentsTenor saxophone, guitar, bass, vocals
Years active1980 to present
Labels415 Records, Columbia Records, Sony Music, Warner Bros. Records, Infrasonic Records, TwinTone Records
Associated actsBlue Öyster Cult, The Afflicted, Santana, The Grateful Dead, Chris Isaak, Steely Dan, Joe Satriani, The Mortals, The Alsea River Band, MDC, Jonathan Richman and The Modern Lovers, Neil Young, Renée Fleming

In the late 1970s, Levitin consulted for M&K Sound as an expert listener assisting in the design of the first commercial satellite and subwoofer loudspeaker systems, an early version of which was used by Steely Dan for mixing their album Pretzel Logic (1974). Following that, he worked at A Broun Sound in San Rafael, California, reconing speakers for The Grateful Dead, for whom he later worked as a consulting record producer. Levitin was one of the golden ears used in the first Dolby AC audio compression tests, a precursor to MP3 audio compression.[14] From 1984 to 1988, he worked as Director and then Vice President of A&R for 415 Records in San Francisco, becoming President of the label in 1989 before the label was sold to Sony Music.[28] Notable achievements during that time included producing the punk classic Here Come the Cops by The Afflicted (named among the Top 10 records of 1985 by GQ magazine); engineering records by Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers, Santana, and the Grateful Dead; and producing tracks for Blue Öyster Cult, the soundtrack to Repo Man (1984), and others.[29] Two highlights of his tenure in A&R were discovering the band The Big Race (which later became the well-known soundtrack band Pray for Rain), and having the chance to, but not signing M.C. Hammer.[30]

After 415 was sold, he formed his own production and business consulting company, with a list of clients including AT&T, several venture capital firms, and every major record label.[31] As a consultant for Warner Bros. Records he planned the marketing campaigns for such albums as Eric Clapton's Unplugged (1992) and k.d. lang's Ingénue (1992). He was a music consultant on feature films such as Good Will Hunting (1997) and The Crow: City of Angels (1996), and served as a compilation consultant to Stevie Wonder's Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection (1996), and to As Time Goes By (2003) and Interpretations: A 25th Anniversary Celebration (1995; updated and released as a DVD in 2003) by The Carpenters. Levitin returned to the studio in 2002, producing three albums for Quebec blues musician Dale Boyle: String Slinger Blues (2002), A Dog Day for the Purists (2004), and In My Rearview Mirror: A Story From A Small Gaspé Town (2005), the latter two of which won the annual Lys Blues Award for best Blues album.[32] He helped Joni Mitchell with the production of her three most recent albums, Shine, Love Has Many Faces: A Quartet, A Ballet, Waiting to Be Danced, and Starbucks' Artist's Choice: Joni Mitchell.

In 1998, Levitin helped to found MoodLogic.com (and its sister companies, Emotioneering.com and jaboom.com), the first Internet music recommendation company, sold in 2006 to Allmusic group. He has also consulted for the United States Navy on underwater sound source separation, for Philips Electronics, and AT&T.[33] He served as an occasional script consultant to The Mentalist from 2007 to 2009.

Writing career

Levitin began writing articles in 1988 for music industry magazines Billboard, Grammy, EQ, Mix, Music Connection, and Electronic Musician, and was named contributing writer to Billboard′s Reviews section from 1992 to 1997. He has also contributed to The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, The New Yorker,[34] and The Atlantic.[35]

Levitin is the author of This Is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession, (Dutton/Penguin 2006; Plume/Penguin 2007) which spent more than 12 months on the New York Times[36] and the Globe and Mail bestseller lists. In that book, he shares observations related to all sorts of music listeners, telling for instance that, today, teenagers listen to more music in one month than their peers living during the 1700s during their entire existence. The book was nominated for two awards (The Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Outstanding Science & Technology Writing and the Quill Award for the Best Debut Author of 2006), named one of the top books of the year by Canada's The Globe and Mail and by The Independent and The Guardian,[37] and has been translated into 16 languages.

The World in Six Songs: How the Musical Brain Created Human Nature (Dutton/Penguin 2008) debuted on the Canadian and the New York Times bestseller lists,[38] and was named by the Boston Herald and by Seed Magazine as one of the best books of 2008; it was also nominated for the World Technology Awards.

The Organized Mind was published by Dutton/Penguin Random House in 2014,[39] debuting at #2 on the New York Times Bestseller List[40] and reaching #1 on the Canadian best-seller lists.[41]

A Field Guide to Lies was published by Dutton/Penguin Random House in 2016, and released in paperback in March 2017 under the revised title Weaponized Lies. It appeared on numerous best-seller lists in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.,[42][43] and is the most acclaimed of Levitin's four books, receiving the National Business Book Award,[44] the Mavis Gallant Prize for Non-Fiction, the Axiom Business Book Award, and was a finalist for the Donner Prize.

Successful Aging: A Neuroscientist Explores the Power and Potential of Our Lives was published by Dutton/Penguin Random House in January 2020 and debuted at #10 on the New York Times bestseller list[45] in its first week of release, and at #2 on the Canadian bestseller list, and stayed on the Canadian bestseller lists for more than six months. It was named an Apple Books book-of-the-month and Next Big Idea Club selection. It was published by Penguin Life in the U.K. as The Changing Mind: A Neuroscientist's Guide to Ageing Well, where it debuted at #5 on the Sunday Times Bestseller List.;[46] it was named by the Sunday Times as one of the best books of 2020[47]

In The Listener TV series, actor Colm Feore says his performance of the character Ray is based on Daniel Levitin.[48]

Levitin consulted on the legal strategy used by Jimmy Page and Led Zeppelin to defend copyright infringement claim against his song Stairway To Heaven.[49][50]

Media appearances

From September 2006 to April 2007 he served as a weekly commentator on the CBC Radio One show Freestyle.

Two documentary films were based on This Is Your Brain on Music: The Music Instinct (2009, PBS), which Levitin co-hosted with Bobby McFerrin, and The Musical Brain (2009, CTV/National Geographic Television) which he co-hosted with Sting. He appeared in Artifact, a 2012 documentary directed by Jared Leto. His television and film appearances have reached more than 50 million viewers worldwide.[51]

Levitin had a cameo appearance in The Big Bang Theory at the invitation of the producers, in Season 8, Episode 5, "The Focus Attenuation," during the opening scene, sitting at a table in the Caltech cafeteria over Sheldon's right shoulder.

In January 2015 he was a guest on BBC Radio 4's Start the Week programme, alongside cognitive scientist Margaret Boden.[52]

In 2019–2020 he was a script consultant and on-air guest for Season 8 of National Geographic's Brain Games.

In 2020, he appeared in Stewart Copeland's Adventures in Music series on BBC 4,[53] discussing the evolutionary basis of music and the neuroscience of music.

Awards

Selected publications

Books
  • The Billboard Encyclopedia of Record Producers (1999). New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, E. Olsen, C. Wolff, P. Verna, Editors; D. J. Levitin, Associate Editor.
  • Foundations of Cognitive Psychology: Core Readings (2002), Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press
  • Foundations of Cognitive Psychology: Core Readings, Second Edition (2010), Boston: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Publishing
  • This Is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession, (2006), New York: Dutton/Penguin. (released in the U.K. and Commonwealth territories by Atlantic, 2007). (appeared on the New York Times Bestseller List both in hardcover and paperback)
  • The World in Six Songs: How the Musical Brain Created Human Nature (2008), New York: Dutton/Penguin and Toronto: Viking/Penguin. (New York Times bestseller)
  • The Organized Mind: Thinking Straight in the Age of Information Overload (2014), New York: Dutton/Penguin Random House and Toronto: Allen Lane/Penguin Random House and London: Viking/Penguin Random House.
  • A Field Guide to Lies: Critical Thinking in the Information Age (2016), New York: Dutton/Penguin Random House; Toronto: Allen Lane/Penguin Random House; London: Viking/Penguin Random House
  • Successful Aging: A Neuroscientist Explores the Power and Potential of Our Lives (2020), New York: Dutton/Penguin Random House; Toronto: Allen Lane/Penguin Random House; London: Penguin Life.

Scientific articles (selected)
  • Levitin, D. J.; Grafton, S. T. (2016). "Measuring the representational space of music with fMRI: a case study with Sting". Neurocase. 22 (6): 548–567. doi:10.1080/13554794.2016.1216572. PMID 27687156. S2CID 3985554.
  • Chanda, M. L.; Levitin, D. J. (2013). "The neurochemistry of music". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 17 (4): 179–193. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.02.007. PMID 23541122. S2CID 14608078.
  • Sridharan, D.; Levitin, D. J.; Menon, V. (2008). "A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (34): 12569–12574. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10512569S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800005105. PMC 2527952. PMID 18723676.
  • Langford, D. J.; Crager, S. E.; Shehzad, Z.; Smith, S. B.; Sotocinal, S. G.; Levenstadt, J. S.; Chanda, M. L.; Levitin, D. J.; Mogil, J. S. (2006). "Social Modulation of Pain as Evidence for Empathy in Mice". Science. 312 (5782): 1967–1970. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1967L. doi:10.1126/science.1128322. PMID 16809545. S2CID 26027821.
  • Levitin, D. J.; Cook, P. R. (1996). "Absolute memory for musical tempo: Additional evidence that auditory memory is absolute". Perception & Psychophysics. 58 (6): 927–935. doi:10.3758/bf03205494. PMID 8768187.

Discography
  • J.D. Buhl, Remind Me. Driving Records/CD Baby, 2015. (Producer and Engineer).
  • Diane Nalini, Songs of Sweet Fire. 2006. (Mixing Engineer, Production Consultant).
  • Dale Boyle, In My Rearview Mirror: A Story From A Small Gaspé Town. 2005. (Production Consultant)
  • Dale Boyle and the Barburners, A Dog Day for the Purists. 2004. (Producer).
  • Dale Boyle and the Barburners, String Slinger Blues. 2002. (Producer).
  • The Carpenters. As Time Goes By. A&M Records/Universal, 2000. (Consultant on song selection, liner notes writer.)
  • Various Artists. Original motion picture soundtrack, Good Will Hunting. Hollywood/Miramax Records, 1998. (A&R Consultant. )
  • Stevie Wonder discographyStevie Wonder. Stevie Wonder Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection. Motown, 1996. (Consultant on song selection. Liner notes writer.)
  • Steely Dan, Gold, Decade, Gaucho, Aja, The Royal Scam, Katy Lied, Pretzel Logic, Countdown to Ecstasy, Can't Buy A Thrill, MCA, 1992. (Consultant on CD Remastering.)
  • kd lang, Ingénue, Reprise, 1992. (Consultant.)
  • Eric Clapton, Unplugged, Reprise, 1992. (Consultant.)
  • Chris Isaak, Heart Shaped World, Warner Brothers, 1989. (Engineering (Asst), Sound Design (Soundscape)).
  • Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers, Rockin' and Romance, Twin/Tone (U.S), Sire (U.K.), 1986. (Engineer).
  • The Furies, Fun Around The World, Infrasonic, 1986
  • Rhythm Riot, Rhythm Riot, EP, Infrasonic, 1987*True West, Drifters, Passport/JEM Records, 1985. (Co-Producer).
  • The Big Race, "Happy Animals," from the Soundtrack of the Paramount Film Repo Man, 1985. (Producer, Engineer)
  • The Afflicted, Good News About Mental Health, Infrasonic, 1984. (Producer)
  • International P.E.A.C.E. Benefit Compilation, R Radical Records, 1984 (Producer of tracks by The Afflicted and MDC), reissued 1997 New Red Archives/Lumberjack Mordam Music Group

Filmography
Film
Year Film Role Notes
1984 Repo Man Self, musician
1997 Close To You: Remembering the Carpenters Self, Consultant to the producers PBS
1998 The Carpenters: Harmony and Heartbreak Consultant to the Producers A&E Biography
2009 The Music Instinct Self, writer, consultant PBS Nova
The Musical Brain Self, Writer; Consultant CTV/National Geographic
2012 Artifact Self
What Makes a Masterpiece Self BBC 4

References
  1. "Executive Turntable". Billboard. January 2000.
  2. Laboratory for Music Perception, Cognition and Expertise, daniellevitin.com
  3. Parncutt, R.; Levitin, D.J. (2001). "Absolute Pitch". In S. Sadie (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. New York: St. Martins Press. pp. 37–39.
  4. Levitin, D. J.; Rogers. S.E. (December 2005). "Absolute pitch: Perception, coding, and controversies" (PDF). Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 9 (1): 26–33. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.11.007. PMID 15639438. S2CID 15346652.
  5. "Oliver Sacks meets Jerry Garcia in 'This Is Your Brain on Music' by rocker-turned-neuroscientist Daniel Levitin'". Publishers Weekly. June 5, 2006.
  6. "Books: Bestsellers: Top selling fiction and non-fiction titles (week of September 21". Maclean's. September 21, 2006.
  7. "CHARTS Bestsellers (week ending Nov 05, 2006)". The Book Standard. November 5, 2006.
  8. "Flying in a Blue Dream credits". Allmusic. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  9. James Sullivan (August 20, 2006). "He's Rocking the World of Neuroscience". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  10. Ann McIlroy (March 12, 2001). "Dr. Rock 'n' Roll". The Globe and Mail.
  11. Susan Dominus (March 18, 2007). "Rockin' Boffin". London Daily Telegraph, Seven Magazine.
  12. "La musique pour maître à penser". Découvrir. November–December 2002.
  13. "Levitin, Daniel J. 1957–". Contemporary Authors, 2005, at encyclopedia.com. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  14. "Levitin, Daniel J.". Marquis Who's Who in America. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who LLC. 2002.
  15. D. J. Levitin (1992). "Absolute memory for musical pitch: Evidence from the production of learned melodies". Perception & Psychophysics. 56 (4): 414–423. doi:10.3758/bf03206733. PMID 7984397.
  16. D. Huron (2006). "Exploring How Music Works Its Wonders". Cerebrum.
  17. "Common expressions: Levitin". Webster's Online Dictionary. Webster's. February 18, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
  18. James Martin (Summer 2004). "A Mind For Music". McGill News. pp. 1–2.
  19. Sussman, Deborah (August 21, 2014). "Daniel Levitin on Why Being Organized Is More Important Than Ever Before". Phoenix New Times.
  20. Stein, Joel (February 11, 2016). "Study Shows Music Brings My Family Closer Together". Time.
  21. "Levitin, Daniel J. 1957-". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  22. Levitin, Daniel (2006). This Is Your Brain on Music. New York, Toronto, London: Dutton/Penguin Random House. ISBN 9780452288522.
  23. "Jazz Legend Mel Tormé to play Santa Monica Civic". Palos Verdes Peninsula News. May 5, 1974.
  24. "Daniel Levitin to present at New Yorker conference". Mcgill.ca. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  25. retrieved August 31, 2014
  26. Spoken at McCabe's, Santa Monica, Sept. 8, 2017, after Levitin & Brosseau show there.
  27. "Daniel Levitin, ft. Renée Fleming, Victor Wooten, & Hardy Hemphill - "Just a Memory" - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  28. 415 Records
  29. "Allmusic:Artist:Daniel Levitin". Retrieved September 14, 2006.
  30. "This Is Neuroscientist Daniel Levitin On Music | Soundcheck | New Sounds". newsounds. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  31. Retrieved August 31, 2014
  32. Retrieved August 31, 2014
  33. Retrieved August 31, 2014
  34. "A Neuroscientist's Diary of a Concussion". Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  35. "Amnesia and the Self That Remains When Memory Is Lost". Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  36. Feuer, Alan. "New York Times". Retrieved November 15, 2007.
  37. "Pick of the paperbacks 2008". The Guardian. London. December 21, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  38. "Vancouver Sun". Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
  39. "Deals: Week of February 4, 2013".
  40. https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/ retrieved August 31, 2014.
  41. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/bestsellers/bestsellers-hardcover-non-fiction-may-25-2013/article4226576/ retrieved August 31, 2014.
  42. "Bestsellers". The Star. September 16, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  43. "Hudson Booksellers Announces the Best Books of 2016". Prweb.com. October 31, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  44. Robertson, Becky (April 27, 2017). "Award-winning book A Field Guide to Lies receives a new title post-Trump". Quill and Quire. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  45. "Best Sellers". The New York Times. January 18, 2020.
  46. "Best Sellers". The Sunday Times. March 8, 2020.
  47. "Best Books of 2020". The Sunday Times. June 6, 2020.
  48. Gayle MacDonald (June 3, 2008). "Listening for the Listener". Globe and Mail.
  49. Robert Levine (June 9, 2016). "Inside the 'Stairway to Heaven' Lawsuit: Everything You Need to Know". Billboard.
  50. M. Skidmore v. James Patrick Page, et al, United States Reports 16-56287 (United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit March 12, 2018) (""The panel found that…the two songs were not substantially similar under the extrinsic test.").
  51. "Nielsen Television Ratings". Retrieved April 10, 2010.
  52. "BBC Radio 4 - Start the Week, Organising the Mind". BBC. January 26, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  53. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000db8k. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  54. Thompson, Clive (December 31, 2006). "Music of the Hemispheres". New York Times: Section 2 Arts & Leisure, Page 1.
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