Doabi dialect

Doabi Punjabi
Native to	Doaba, Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab
Region	Punjab
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Punjabi Doabi Punjabi; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	doab1238
	Dialects of the Punjabi language. Doabi is in lime green to the right of Majhi

Doabi is a dialect of the Punjabi language. The dialect is named for the region in which it was historically spoken, Doaba[1] (also known as Bist Doab); the word doab means "the land between two rivers" and this dialect was historically spoken in the doab between the Beas River and Sutlej River. Its occurrence in parts of Pakistani Punjab owes to post-1947 migration of Muslim populace from East Punjab. The region it is now spoken includes: the Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and Nawanshahr districts of Indian Punjab, including the areas known as the Dona and Manjki; and the Toba Tek Singh and Faisalabad districts of Pakistani Punjab.

The sub dialects of Doabi include Dona and Manjki.[2]

Analysis

The Doabi dialect in its eastern part blends with the Malwai dialect of Ludhiana district, and in its Northern side, it shares the linguistic features of Pahari. Some of the linguistic Linguistic features of the Doabi dialect that separate it from other Punjabi dialects are as below:[3]

Consonants

Consonant	Doabi word	English translation
p ⟨ਪ⟩	/pəl/	‘moment’ (ਪਲ)
pʰ ⟨ਫ⟩	/pʰəl/	‘fruit’ (ਫਲ)
b ⟨ਬ⟩	/baːlɳ/	‘firewood’(ਬਾਲਣ)
t̪ ⟨ਤ⟩	/taːɾ/	‘wire’ (ਤਾਰ)
t̪ʰ ⟨ਥ⟩	/tʰaːl/	‘round tray’(ਥਾਲ)
d̪ ⟨ਦ⟩	/daːl/	‘pulse’
ʈ ⟨ਟ⟩	/ʈaːl/	‘pile’
ʈʰ ⟨ਠ⟩	/ʈʰiːk/	‘correct’ (ਠੀਕ)
ɖ ⟨ਡ⟩	/ɖaːk/	‘mail’ (ਡਾਕ)
t͡ʃʰ ⟨ਛ⟩	/t͡ʃʰəp/	‘imprint’ (ਛਾਪ)
d͡ʒ ⟨ਜ⟩	/dʒoːk/	leech (ਜੋਕ)
k ⟨ਕ⟩	/kaːɡ/	‘crow’ (ਕਾਂ)
kʰ ⟨ਖ⟩	/kʰoːl/	‘open’
ɡ ⟨ਗ⟩	/ɡaːɭ/	‘abuse’ (ਗਾਲ)
m ⟨ਮ⟩	/moːɾ/	‘peacock’
n ⟨ਨ⟩	/nəɾ/	‘male’
ɳ* ⟨ਣ⟩	/ɦoɳ/	‘now’ (ਹੁਣ)
l ⟨ਲ⟩	/laːl/	‘red’ (ਲਾਲ)
ɭ* ⟨ਲ਼⟩	/koːɭ/	‘near’ (ਕੋਲ਼)
(s ⟨ਸ⟩)	/soɳ/	‘hear’ (ਸੁਣ)
(ʃ ⟨ਸ਼⟩)	/ʃeːɾ/	‘lion’ (ਸ਼ੇਰ)
(z ⟨ਜ਼⟩)	/zoːɾ/	‘strength’ (ਜ਼ੋਰ)
(f ⟨ਫ਼⟩)	/fəslə/	‘distance’
ɦ ⟨ਹ⟩	/ɦoːɾ/	‘more’ (ਹੋਰ)
ɾ ⟨ਰ⟩	/ɾoːɡ/	‘disease’
ɽ* ⟨ੜ⟩	/pɪɽ/	‘pain’ (ਪੀੜ)

* does not occur word initially

Vowels

Doabi has ten vowels. These are /ə, ɪ, ʊ, aː, ɛː, eː, iː, ɔː, oː, uː/

For example:

Vowel	Word	Translation
ə ਅ	/əkkʰ/	'eye'
ʊ ਉ	/ʊʈʰ/	‘awake’
ɪ ਇ	/ɪʈʈ/	‘brick’
aː ਆ	/aːs/	‘hope’
ɛː ਐ	/ɛːnək/	spectacles’
uː ਊ	/uːʈʈʰ/	‘camel’
eː ਏ	/ʃeːɾ/	‘lion’
oː ਅੋ	/moːɾ/	‘peacock’
ɔː ਔ	/ɦɔːl/	‘fear’
iː ਈ	/tiːɾ/	‘arrow’

Other suprasegmental phonemes

Tone, stress and nasalization in Doabi are phonemic.

Tone

Three tones are used in Doabi; low, mid and high. For example;

Tone	Doabi word	English translation
Falling	ਭਾ pà	‘rate’
Neutral	ਪਾ pa	‘put’
Rising	ਪਾਹ pá	‘harsh’

Stress

Stress in Doabi is realized in two ways, syntagmatically and paradigmatically.

Syntagmatically, stress-shift results in change of meaning. This kind of stress is often orthographically unmarked, and may shift any tone present in a word to the stressed syllable.

For example:

Doabi word	English translation
ਘੜਾ /'kə̀ɽa:/	‘pitcher’
ਘੜਾ /kə'ɽà:/	‘to shape, sculpt, mold’

Paradigmatically, Doabi has stressed and unstressed syllables;

Unstressed	Doabi word	English translation
s	satt	‘essence’
t	pata	‘address’

Stressed	Doabi word	English translation
s	sat	‘seven’
tt	patta	‘leaf’

Some basic vocabulary items

Doabi pronunciation	English translation
pāpā	‘father’
pɛ̀n	‘sister’
bhrā	‘brother’
se/seb	‘apple’
chònnā	‘paddy’
vaddā	‘elder’

Features

Substituting letters

Doabi's drop the letter "v" at the start of a word and use the letter "b"[4] as in "Vada" (big) to "Bada". They also use the letter "o" elsewhere in a word instead of a "v" as in "Khvab" (dream) to "Khoaab". A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of the "w" sound. Where "v" appears in the middle of a word in standard Punjabi, Doabis use "w" so that "hava" (wind) becomes "hawa". Also, the vowel "u" is pronounced with an "o". Accordingly, "khush" (happy) becomes "khosh" or "kuht" (to beat) becomes "koht". In Doabi, any word beginning with "i" is pronounced with "e". For example, the word "khich" (to pull) is pronounced as "khech" or the word "vich" (inside) is pronounced as "bech".

Doabis do not use "z" and therefore substitute "j". This is common in the Punjabi language as "z" is not indigenous to the area.

Sentence structure

Doabi's end sentences with "aa" (present tense) and "sigey" (past —tense), instead of "han" (present tense) and "san" or "si" (past tense). "Aiddan", "Jiddan", "Kiddan" are all commonly used adverbs in Doabi as opposed to the ”Inj / Aistaran", "Jistaran", Kistaran" used in Punjabi's prestige dialect, Majhi.

Present Tense: Usage of aa (sing.) and aa (plu.)

Examples:

Phrase	Doabi	Standard Punjabi
He is doing	Oh kardā ā ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਆ اوہ کرداا	Oh kardā ɛ̀/e* ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ/ਏ* اوہ کردا ہے/اے
They are doing	Oh karde (y)ā ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਆ اوہ کردے آ	Oh karde han ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ اوہ کردے ہِن
	*spoken forms

Past Tense: Uninflected sī, or number- and gender-inflected sīgā/sīgī/sīge/sīgīā, in Doabi