Domain Awareness System

The Domain Awareness System is the largest digital surveillance system in the world[2] as part of the Lower Manhattan Security Initiative in partnership between the New York Police Department and Microsoft to monitor New York City.[3] It allows the NYPD to track surveillance targets and gain detailed information about them, and is overseen by the counterterrorism bureau.[4]

An NYPD owned CCTV Argus Camera in Madison Square Garden.[1]

The system is connected to 18,000 CCTV cameras video cameras around New York City.[5] It also has access to data from at least 2 billion license plate readings, 100 million summonses, 54 million 911 calls, 15 million complaints, 12 million detective reports, 11 million arrests and 2 million warrants.[6] The data from the CCTV cameras is kept for 30 days,[6] the LPR readings for at least 5 years.[7] Text records are searchable.[6]

The initial cost of development was funded by $350 million in Federal Homeland Security grants.[6] The software component of the system is also licensed out to other cities with New York City getting 30% of the profits.[8] So far the system has been licensed by the Washington DC Metro Police, the Brazilian National Police, and the Singapore Police Force.[6]

This system is highlighted in a May 2013 episode of PBS' Nova on tracking the Boston Marathon bombers Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.[9]

History
NYPD vehicle with tablet computer installed.
55 Broadway, home of Lower Manhattan Security Coordination Center (LMSCC) which is the hub of the Domain Awareness System

According to internal NYPD documents, prior to 2002 the Department's information technology capabilities were managed by police officers as opposed to IT professionals.[10] After his appointment in 2002, Commissioner Raymond Kelly placed software professional James Onalfo in charge of the NYPD's Office of Information Technology in 2003, beginning a period of widespread modernization.[11]

The NYPD's digital overhaul led to the launch of a data warehouse known as the Real Time Crime Center in 2005, and in 2008 the development of a network of security cameras and automated license plate readers which comprise the Lower Manhattan Security Initiative.

After a terrorist car bombing attempt in Times Square in 2010, city officials increased efforts to expand the prototype surveillance system from Lower Manhattan into other areas of the city.[12] In August 2012, the NYPD in partnership with Microsoft announced the launch of a Domain Awareness System that would cover all of the five boroughs.[13] Although the system was framed as a counter-terrorism measure, it was acknowledged at the time that any data collected could be used for law enforcement purposes.[13]

In 2014, after the City of New York received $447 million in forfeitures from French bank BNP Paribas, a sum of $160 million was allocated to the NYPD Mobility Initiative in which handheld devices were distributed to officers and ruggedized tablets installed into police vehicles.[14] With these devices, officers were able to access a mobile version of the DAS from anywhere in the city.

Capabilities
Fixed sensors at the landing of the Manhattan Bridge.

Hardware

The backbone of DAS is a network of thousands of physical sensors.

NYPD vehicle with mobile license plate readers.
Private CCTV cameras which are part of the DAS.

The most widespread are the network of approximately 9,000 CCTV cameras, owned either by the NYPD or private actors, which are used to generate an aggregate citywide video stream, which are maintained for 30 days, and can be searched in realtime by officers. Search queries may include physical characteristics such as shirt color. Search results include live video feeds of all individuals fitting a given query within a given region.[6] The Intercept has claimed that the search functionality extends to racial characteristics such as skin tone.[15] Helinet technologies gave a press release in 2014 stating that they were selected by the NYPD to deploy a custom technology suite to four of the NYPD's Bell 429 GlobalRanger helicopters which "instantl[y] overlays critical information such as addresses, points of interest and other data on top of the live video and then transmit[s] the video and data in real-time via secure microwave downlink" to handheld devices of officers in the field.[16]

NYPD Bell 429 Helicopter.

There are also several hundred automated license plate readers (LPR's) deployed throughout the city, with 50 fixed cameras on bridges and tunnels entering Manhattan and running the full length of Canal Street. These sensors record every spotting of license plates on a NYPD-defined "watch list," generating roughly 3 million records per day. However, all license plate readings are stored for a minimum of five years[7] regardless of whether or not the plate is on any watchlist.[17]

Officers can be alerted whenever a pattern of repeated visits to the same location or route is observed, with the stated goal of making it easier for officers to interdict and apprehend the drivers of monitored vehicles more efficiently than is possible with GPS tracking.[6]

A FOIL request by the NYCLU revealed a $442,5000 contract with Vigilance Solutions to provide access to real-time and historical license plate records from around the country.[18]

Additionally, DAS pulls in data from dozens of radiation and chemical sensors located on key infrastructure and precinct roofs, gunshot detectors, and cell tower simulators spread throughout the city.[6][19]

Software

A machine learning algorithm known as Patternizr is included in the DAS, which connects potential criminal suspects to other unsolved crimes in order to speed arrests and close old cases.[20][21] The algorithm is trained on a decade of historic police data of manually identified crime patterns.[22][20] Patternizr came into use in 2017 when the NYPD hired one hundred civilian analysts to use it.[20] The algorithm now processes over six hundred reports per week.[20] When prompted about the potential for racism embedded into the algorithm, the NYPD responded that the algorithm does not provide different results than a random sampling of police reports.[8] However critics have expressed skepticism, arguing that historical police reports already demonstrate racial bias.[23][24] Patternizr was released publicly with the intent that it be used and replicated in other police departments.[20]

Live camera feeds are passed through algorithms which detect for suspicious behavior such as unattended bags or entry to restricted areas, and raise these feeds to officer attention via an alert if detected.[9][6]

Main article: Police surveillance in New York City § Facial recognition

Since 2011 The NYPD has also used the DAS to perform facial recognition against both adults and juveniles.[25] The DAS privacy statement specifies it does not use facial recognition [26]

Response
See also: Police surveillance in New York City § Governance and policy

From the initial announcement of the citywide Domain Awareness System in 2012, critics have suggested that the system represents a possible violation of privacy, and should be overseen by a non-police entity.[27]

In 2014, Justice Quarterly published an article stating that there was statistical evidence of the NYPD manipulating CompStat data,[28] which is used by the Domain Awareness System for various purposes including predictive policing.[6] A number of organizations, such as the NAACP, have suggested that predictive policing algorithms that rely on machine-learning and historical police data to make decisions reinforce existing police bias, rather than correct for it.[29][24][23]

See also

References
  1. Doyle, John (2010-03-08). "Cop cams key in 'hundreds' of cases: NYPD". New York Post. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  2. Feuer, Alan (2020-06-18). "Council Forces N.Y.P.D. to Disclose Use of Drones and Other Spy Tech". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-21.
  3. New York Police Department. "Developing the NYPD's Information Technology" (PDF). Retrieved June 8, 2019.
  4. "Counterterrorism - NYPD". www1.nyc.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
  5. Parascandola, Rocco. "New NYPD surveillance cameras to cover stretch of Upper East Side not easily reached by patrol cars". nydailynews.com. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
  6. Levine, E. S.; Tisch, Jessica; Tasso, Anthony; Joy, Michael (February 2017). "The New York City Police Department's Domain Awareness System". Interfaces. 47 (1): 70–84. doi:10.1287/inte.2016.0860.
  7. Sledge, Matt (13 March 2013). "The NYPD Is Watching: Cameras Will Be Able To Track Every Car Entering Manhattan". HuffPost. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  8. Ungerleider, Neal (August 8, 2012). "NYPD, Microsoft Launch All-Seeing 'Domain Awareness System' With Real-Time CCTV, License Plate Monitoring [Updated]". Fast Company. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  9. "Manhunt—Boston Bombers". PBS. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  10. NYPD. "Developing the NYPD's Information Technology" (PDF). NYC.gov.
  11. Towns, Steve (2012-02-29). "GovTech Awards: James Onalfo". Government Technology.
  12. "A Look Inside the NYPD Surveillance System | WNYC | New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News". WNYC. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
  13. Ungerleider, Neal (2012-08-08). "NYPD, Microsoft Launch All-Seeing "Domain Awareness System" With Real-Time CCTV, License Plate Monitoring [Updated]". Fast Company. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
  14. Schlossberg, Tatiana (2014-10-24). "New York City Police to Be Equipped With Smartphones and Tablets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
  15. "IBM USED NYPD SURVEILLANCE FOOTAGE TO DEVELOP TECHNOLOGY THAT LETS POLICE SEARCH BY SKIN COLOR". The Intercept. The Intercept. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  16. "Helinet Technologies Selected by NYPD to Deploy Custom Airborne Mission Suite for Department's Four Bell 429 Patrol Helicopters". PR Newswire. Mar 31, 2014.
  17. THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY. "Committee Report of the Governmental Affairs Division Matthew Gewolb, Legislative Director Rachel Cordero, Deputy Director, Governmental Affairs Division" (PDF). Brennan Center for Justice.
  18. Tempey, Nathan. "The NYPD Is Tracking Drivers Across The Country Using License Plate Readers". Gothamist. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  19. Goldstein, Joseph (11 Feb 2016). "New York Police Are Using Covert Cellphone Trackers, Civil Liberties Group Says". New York Times. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  20. "NYPD's Big Artificial-Intelligence Reveal". www.governing.com. Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  21. Chohlas-Wood, Alex; Levine, E. S. (March 2019). "A Recommendation Engine to Aid in Identifying Crime Patterns". INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics. 49 (2): 154–166. doi:10.1287/inte.2019.0985.
  22. "Resoundingly Human: Resoundingly Human: February 2019". informs.libsyn.com. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  23. Holak, Brian. "NYPD's Patternizr crime analysis tool raises AI bias concerns". SearchBusinessAnalytics.
  24. "Testimony of Janai Nelson" (PDF). April 30, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 8, 2019.
  25. Goldstein, Joseph; Watkins, Ali (2019-08-01). "She Was Arrested at 14. Then Her Photo Went to a Facial Recognition Database". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  26. NYPD (2009). "Public Security Privacy Guidelines" (PDF). Retrieved June 8, 2019.
  27. Fitzpatrick, Alex. "Will Microsoft's Police Surveillance System Violate Your Privacy?". Mashable.
  28. "Police Manipulations of Crime Reporting: Insiders' Revelations" (PDF). Justice Quarterly. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  29. Lum, Kristian; Isaac, William (October 2016). "To predict and serve?". Significance. 13 (5): 14–19. doi:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2016.00960.x.
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