Economy of Manitoba

Red River cart train.

Manitoba's early economy depended on mobility and living off the land. Indigenous Nations (Cree, Ojibwa, Dene, Sioux and Assiniboine) followed herds of bison and congregated to trade among themselves at key meeting places throughout the province. After the arrival of the first European traders in the 17th century, the economy centred on the trade of beaver pelts and other furs.[6] Diversification of the economy came when Lord Selkirk brought the first agricultural settlers in 1811,[7] though the triumph of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) over its competitors ensured the primacy of the fur trade over widespread agricultural colonization.[6]

HBC control of Rupert's Land ended in 1868; when Manitoba became a province in 1870, all land became the property of the federal government, with homesteads granted to settlers for farming.[6] Transcontinental railways were constructed to simplify trade. Manitoba's economy depended mainly on farming, which persisted until drought and the Great Depression led to further diversification.[8]

Manitoba has a moderately strong economy based largely on natural resources. Its Gross Domestic Product was C$71  billion in 2017.[1] The province's economy grew 2.22% from 2015 to 2016.[1] The average individual income in Manitoba in 2016 was C$51,484.89[1][2] As of August 2019, Manitoba's unemployment rate was 5.6%.[9]

Manitoba's economy relies heavily on agriculture, tourism, energy, oil, mining, and forestry. Agriculture is vital and is found mostly in the southern half of the province, although grain farming occurs as far north as The Pas. Around 12% of Canadian farmland is located in Manitoba.[10] The most common agricultural activity is cattle farming (34.6%), followed by assorted grains (19.0%) and oilseed (7.9%).[11] Manitoba is the nation's largest producer of sunflower seed and dry beans,[12] and one of the leading sources of potatoes. Portage la Prairie is a major potato processing center, and is home to the McCain Foods and Simplot plants, which provide French fries for McDonald's, Wendy's, and other commercial chains.[13] Can-Oat Milling, one of the largest oat mills in the world, also has a plant in the municipality.[14]

Manitoba's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including crown corporations and services like hospitals and universities. Major private-sector employers are The Great-West Life Assurance Company, Cargill Ltd., and James Richardson and Sons Ltd.[15] Manitoba also has large manufacturing and tourism sectors. Churchill's Arctic wildlife is a major tourist attraction; the town is a world capital for polar bear and beluga whale watchers.[16] Manitoba is the only province with an Arctic deep-water seaport, which links to the shortest shipping route between North America, Europe and Asia.[17]

In 2015, Manitoba's economy had the following relative weighting by industry, as a percentage value of GDP [18]

• 11% Trade
• 10% Manufacturing
• 10% Finance, Insurance & Real Estate
• 9% Construction
• 8% Government
• 6% Transportation & Warehousing
• 5% Mining & Other Primary
• 4% Information, Culture, Arts & Entertainment
• 3% Agriculture
• 3% Utilities
• 31% Other Services

• The Dairy Industry in Manitoba 1880-2000
• A History of Grain Elevators in Manitoba
• A History of Manitoba's Commercial Fishery 1872 - 2005
• The Lumber Industry in Manitoba
• Steamboats on the Rivers and Lakes of Manitoba 1859-96
• Manitoba Mining