Elizabeth Sumner

Elizabeth Sumner Chapman Achuck Lapana Keawepoʻoole (December 24, 1851 – February 22, 1911) was a Hawaiian high chiefess during the Hawaiian Kingdom and lady-in-waiting of Princess Likelike. An accomplished Hawaiian composer, she composed the popular Hawaiian love song Sanoe with Queen Liliʻuokalani, which was about a love affair in the Hawaiian royal court in the 1870s.[1][2]

Elizabeth Sumner
BornDecember 24, 1851
Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Kingdom
DiedFebruary 22, 1911(1911-02-22) (aged 59)
Honolulu, Oahu, Territory of Hawaii
Burial
Honolulu Catholic Cemetery
SpouseAchuck
Keawepoʻoole
IssueAnastasia Nalanialua Achuck
Mary Achuck
Mauli Keawepoʻoole
Full name
Elizabeth Sumner Chapman Achuck Lapana Keawepoʻoole
FatherWilliam Keolaloa Kahānui Sumner
MotherMauli Tehuiari‘i

Early life and family

Born on December 24, 1851, in the city of Honolulu, on the island of Oahu, she was the daughter of William Keolaloa Kahānui Sumner, an ali‘i of partial Hawaiian descent, and his punalua (two or more spouses) partner Haa Maore aka Mauli Tehuiari‘i, a Tahitian princess and the sister of Sumner's lawful wife Manaiula Tehuiari‘i.[3][4] She was of Hawaiian, Tahitian and English descent.[5]

Her father High Chief William K. K. Sumner (1816–1885) was the eldest son of High Chiefess Keakua‘aihue Kanealai Hua and the British Captain William Sumner (1786–1847), of Northampton. Captain Sumner arrived in Hawaii in 1807 as a cabin boy; initially befriending Kauai's king Kaumualiʻi, he later became a naval captain under King Kamehameha I, who united the Hawaiian Islands in 1810. Sumner captained the government schooner Waverly and deported the party of Catholic missionaries led by Alexis Bachelot and Patrick Short in 1831.[6][7] Hua, her paternal grandmother, was the cousin and hānai (adoptive) sister of High Chiefess Ahia Beckley, wife of Captain George Charles Beckley, who was one of the reputed designers of the Flag of Hawaii. Related to the Kamehamehas through Uminuikuka‘ailani, her grandmother descended from the famous twins Kahānui and Kaha‘opulani, the Kohala chiefs who reared Kamehameha during his infancy.[8][5] Elizabeth attended Oahu College from 1864 to 1865.[9]

Elizabethʻs elder paternal half-sister was Nancy Wahinekapu Sumner (1839–1895); their mothers were sisters. Their family's ancestry and connection to the ruling families of Hawaii and Tahiti allowed the two sisters to associate with many members of the royal family of Hawaii. Nancy was a prominent lady of the court during the reigns of King Kamehameha IV and King Kamehameha V, serving as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Emma and close friend to Princess Victoria Kamāmalu.[10] Elizabeth's elder maternal half-sister Sarah Chapman Weed, the daughter of Princess Mauli and William Chapman, was an associate of Queen Emma. Sarah had an antagonistic relation with Nancy and a verbal conflict between them started a rift in the two sides of the family. This family dispute resulted in Mauli's and Sarah's' eviction from their home on Sumner Island (a former islet in Pearl Harbor) by Nancy's mother Manaiula. Subsequently, Elizabeth decided to renounce her Sumner surname in favor of Chapman.[3]

Compositions
Elizabeth Keawepoʻoole Sumner (seated, far right) with Liliʻuokalani and Likelike, 1880

Elizabeth became the lady-in-waiting of Princess Likelike, befriending her and her elder sister Princess Liliʻuokalani. Both princesses were the royal sisters of the reigning King Kalākaua who had won the royal election of 1874 against Queen Emma. Liliʻuokalani, who would later reign as the last queen of Hawaii, called Elizabeth by the name of Lizzie. Also known as Kapeka, she collaborated with Liliʻuokalani and wrote several songs under this name. Their best known composition was Sanoe, which along with Aloha ʻOe were amongst Liliʻuokalani most classic works.[11][12] This romantic mele (song) described a secret love affair in the court of King Kalākaua in the 1870s involving an unknown man and a married lady at the royal court given the pseudonym "Sanoe," meaning "the fog or mist of the mountaintop,".[1][2] The identity of the lady has been popularly ascribed to Kapeka herself or Likelike, although the lyrics do not disclose the woman's identity.[1][12] Other songs credited to Elizabeth include Penei No, Pua Ani Ani, and Ka Lei Na Ke Aloha with most of her work still in private hands.[1] Beside being an accomplished composer, she was expert in the traditional chants of Ancient Hawaii. She composed a kanikau (death chant) for her half-sister after Nancy's death from asthma on January 10, 1895.[13][14]

Marriages and children

Marriage to Achuck

Elizabeth married a wealthy Chinese businessman Mr. Achuck (1832–1877). Achuck was the adopted, Hawaiianized name of Qʻing Ming Qwai, who had immigrated in 1849 from Zhongshan in the Guangdong province of China.[15] He was the friend and business partner of Chun Afong, Hawaii's first Chinese millionaire, with whom he co-owned Afong & Achuck, a chain of stores formed in 1865, which sold Oriental novelties to Chinese residents and the upper echelon of Honolulu society.[16][17] Although not the first,[note 1] the interracial marriage of a Hawaiian high chiefess to a Chinese businessman was considered unconventional at best. Her father disproved of the union but "found solace in the fact that the 'Chinaman' was a wealthy one."[19] Considered a beauty of the royal court, Elizabeth had numerous prominent suitors and marriage proposals. Queen Emma, a political rival to the Kalākaua family and a friend of her sister Nancy, referred to Elizabethʻs husband as the "pigtail suitor Achuck."[18] Commenting on Achuck's previous two marriages, one which was still legal, she stated in a letter, "Fancy spending a lifetime with a heathen Chinese who has the diversion of two wives at home to whom he must now and again go to spend a time with."[18][20] Achuck's first wife was still alive in China while he had also previously contracted a marriage with a Hawaiian girl named Kamaua. Kamaua was twelve years old at the time of her marriage to Achuck and was a student of Protestant missionary Reverend Lowell Smith of the Kaumakapili Church, who orchestrated the match.[15][21] Achuck later dissolved the union with Kamaua on the charges of adultery.[22][15]

In a ceremony presided by the Reverend Father Herman Koeckemann, Achuck and Elizabeth were married on the evening of July 3, 1872, at the residence of Princess Likelike and her husband Archibald Scott Cleghorn in Honolulu. Princess Liliʻuokalani and her husband John Dominis were their witnesses. Because of the family dispute, Elizabeth married under the surname of Chapman,[note 2] using the name of her mother's second husband instead of her Sumner surname.[24][25] With Achuck, she had two known daughters. The eldest named Anastasia Nalanialua Achuck (1874–1947), married James Kenneth Olds, Jr. in 1895,[26] and the younger daughter was named Mary Achuck, who married H. G. Morse and later William Kaea Sproule.[27][28][29][11]

Marriage to Lapana
Daughter Mauli Keawepoʻoole (1885–1899)

After Achuck's death, Elizabeth remarried to a Hawaiian man named Lapana Keawepoʻoole, a painter who later became a police officer and turnkey at Oʻahu prison.[30][31][32] Keawepoʻoole was the shortened version of Keawepoʻooleinamoku, the name of Lapanaʻs grandmother, High Chiefess Keawepoʻooleinamoku of Molokai and Lanaʻi. Another variation often used Keawepoʻoʻole literally means "headless Keawe."[33][34] The name has also been often spelled Keawepoʻole[35] or Keawepoʻoolenamoku.[11]

Lapana and Elizabeth had one daughter Mauli Keawepoʻoole, who had been a student at the Kamehameha Girls' School before dying on May 28, 1899 from cephalitis.[36][37]

After suffering from diabetic complications for four months, Elizabeth died in Honolulu at her daughter's residence on Liliha street on February 22, 1911. She was sixty years old at the time of her death. Her funeral service was held at the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace and was attended by ladies of the Kaʻahumanu Society.[11][29][38] She was buried in an unmarked grave at Honolulu Catholic Cemetery, also known as the King Street Catholic Cemetery where other members of the Sumner family including her father are also buried.[4]

Notes
  1. Achuck's business partner Afong was already married to Elizabeth's estranged cousin Julia Fayerweather.[18]
  2. John Renken Kahaʻi Topolinski explained this was the result of a family disagreement between Elizabeth, her half-sister Nancy and their mothers.[23]

References
  1. Topolinski March 1976, pp. 3–6
  2. Carroll 2006, p. 59.
  3. Topolinski 1975, pp. 64–70.
  4. "Elizabeth Achuck Lapana". Hawaii, Death Records and Death Registers, 1841–1925. February 22, 1911. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  5. Topolinski February 1976, pp. 2–4
  6. Daws 1968, p. 89.
  7. Kaeo & Queen Emma 1976, p. 127.
  8. Topolinski 1981, p. 51.
  9. Punahou School 1907, p. 82.
  10. Topolinski 1981, pp. 50–51.
  11. Hawaii Medical Association 2004, p. 148.
  12. "Sanoe". Huapala – Hawaiian Music and Hula Archives. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
  13. Topolinski 1981, p. 56.
  14. Topolinski January 1976, pp. 5–6
  15. Dye 2010, p. 25.
  16. Dye 1997, p. 97.
  17. Dye 2010, p. 26.
  18. Dye 1997, pp. 109–110.
  19. Dye 1997, p. 110.
  20. Topolinski 1975, p. 66.
  21. Dye 1997, pp. 16–17.
  22. Dye 1997, pp. 73–74.
  23. Topolinski 1975, p. 69.
  24. "Married: Achuck—Chapman". The Friend. 21 (8). Honolulu. August 1, 1872. p. 61. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018.
  25. Dye 1997, p. 109.
  26. "Marriages: Oahu (1832–1910)". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  27. "The "Rough House" Case". The Independent. XVIII (2728). Honolulu. February 4, 1904. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
  28. "Married: Sproule–Morse". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. XXIV (7596). Honolulu. August 16, 1916. p. 4. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016.
  29. "Friend of Former Queen is Dead". The Hawaiian Gazette. LIV (16). Honolulu. February 24, 1911. p. 6. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  30. 1900 United States Census
  31. 1910 United States Census
  32. "Lapana Keawepooole". The Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu. September 5, 1924. p. 5.; "Well Known Natives Of Islands Dead". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. September 4, 1924. p. 17.
  33. Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of poʻoʻole". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  34. Thrum 1896, p. 116.
  35. Topolinski March 1976, p. 3
  36. "Died". The Independent. VIII (1213). Honolulu. May 29, 1899. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
  37. "News in a Nutshell". The Hawaiian Star. VI (2261). Honolulu. May 29, 1899. p. 8. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
  38. "Mrs. Lapana Dies At Daughter's Home". Evening Bulletin (4859). Honolulu. February 23, 1911. p. 10. Retrieved March 5, 2016.

Bibliography

Media related to Elizabeth Sumner at Wikimedia Commons

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