Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians

The Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians (often abbreviated Ign. Eph.) is an epistle attributed to Ignatius of Antioch, a second-century bishop of Antioch, and addressed to the church in Ephesus of Asia Minor. It was written during Ignatius' transport from Antioch to his execution in Rome.[1]

Composition

To the Ephesians is one of seven epistles attributed to Ignatius that are generally accepted as authentic. In 5th century, this collection was enlarged by spurious letters.[2]

It is clear that To the Ephesians was written soon before the martyrdom of Ignatius, but it is uncertain when precisely this martyrdom occurred. Tradition places the martyrdom of Ignatius in the reign of Trajan, who was emperor of Rome from 98 to 117 AD. While many scholars accept the traditional dating of Ignatius' martyrdom under Trajan, others have argued for a somewhat later date. Richard Pervo dated Ignatius' death to 135-140 AD,[3] and British classicist Timothy Barnes has argued for a date some time in the 140s AD.[4]

Content

Ignatius advises the Ephesians that they should revere and obey their bishop as if he were Christ himself:

For we ought to receive every one whom the Master of the house sends to be over His household, as we would do Him that sent him. It is manifest, therefore, that we should look upon the bishop even as we would upon the Lord Himself.
— Ign. Eph. Chapter 6

Interestingly, Ignatius seems to refer to some unknown gospel story, which is not mentioned in the canonical gospel texts:

Now the virginity of Mary was hidden from the prince of this world, as was also her offspring, and the death of the Lord; three mysteries of renown, which were wrought in silence by God. How, then, was He manifested to the world? A star shone forth in heaven above all the other stars, the light of which was inexpressible, while its novelty struck men with astonishment. And all the rest of the stars, with the sun and moon, formed a chorus to this star, and its light was exceedingly great above them all. And there was agitation felt as to whence this new spectacle came, so unlike to everything else [in the heavens]. Hence every kind of magic was destroyed, and every bond of wickedness disappeared; ignorance was removed, and the old kingdom abolished, God Himself being manifested in human form for the renewal of eternal life.
— Ign. Eph. Chapter 19

This story of a spectacular celestial light bears some similarities to the nativity story found in the Gospel of Matthew, but Ignatius places it after the death of Jesus, rather than before it.[5]

References

H. Burn-Murdoch, Church, Continuity and Unity (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p. 120
"Spurious Epistles of St. Ignatius of Antioch" at NewAdvent.org
Pervo, Richard I. The Making of Paul: Constructions of the Apostle in Early Christianity. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-0-8006-9659-7.
Barnes, Timothy D. (December 2008), "The Date of Ignatius", The Expository Times, 120 (3): 119–130
Carrier, Richard (2014). On the Historicity of Jesus. Sheffield Phoenix Press. pp. 320–321. ISBN 9781909697492.

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[1] H. Burn-Murdoch, Church, Continuity and Unity (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p. 120

[2] "Spurious Epistles of St. Ignatius of Antioch" at NewAdvent.org

[pervo-3] Pervo, Richard I. The Making of Paul: Constructions of the Apostle in Early Christianity. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-0-8006-9659-7.

[date_of_ignatius-4] Barnes, Timothy D. (December 2008), "The Date of Ignatius", The Expository Times, 120 (3): 119–130

[carrier-5] Carrier, Richard (2014). On the Historicity of Jesus. Sheffield Phoenix Press. pp. 320–321. ISBN 9781909697492.