Equality Act (United States)

The original Equality Act was developed by U.S. Representatives Bella Abzug (D-NY) and Ed Koch (D-NY) in 1974. The Equality Act of 1974 sought to amend the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to include prohibition of discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and marital status in federally assisted programs, housing sales, rentals, financing, and brokerage services. The bill authorized civil actions by the Attorney General of the United States in cases of discrimination on account of sex, sexual orientation, or marital status in public facilities and public education. On June 27, 1974, the bill was referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary, but did not proceed to a vote in the full United States House of Representatives.[11]

From 1994, the more narrow Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) was introduced, but faced opposition over whether transgender Americans would be protected. An expanded version of ENDA which included both sexual orientation and gender identity in its protections passed the United States Senate in 2013, but did not advance in the House.[12]

The Equality Act is supported by more than 515 national, state and local organizations.[19][20][21] These include national organizations related to human rights and social justice, such as American Civil Liberties Union, Anti-Defamation League, GLSEN, Human Rights Campaign, Human Rights Watch, Lambda Legal, the National Organization for Women, NAACP, and the AARP.

Supporting organizations also include those from national professional organizations, such as the American Psychological Association, American Medical Association, American Counseling Association, American Federation of Teachers, American Bar Association, and the American Academy of Pediatrics, as well as the National PTA.[22]

The act is also supported by over 180 American businesses and the US Chamber of Commerce.[23][24] These include internet and technology companies such as Apple, Google, Microsoft, Amazon, eBay, IBM, Facebook, Airbnb, Twitter, Intel, and Netflix. Other companies supporting the act include Visa, Mastercard, Abercrombie & Fitch, Alaska Airlines, and American Airlines.

Furthermore, many celebrities have expressed their support for the Equality Act and urged Congress to pass it. These include Alexandra Billings,[25] Karamo Brown,[26] Gloria Calderón Kellett,[27] Charlie Carver,[28] Max Carver,[28] Nyle DiMarco,[29] Sally Field,[30] Marcia Gay Harden,[31] Dustin Lance Black,[32] Jaime Lee Curtis,[33] Jane Lynch,[34] Justina Machado,[35] Adam Rippon,[36] Taylor Swift,[37][38][39] Bella Thorne,[40] and Jesse Tyler Ferguson.[41]

Feminist/Women's groups in favor of the Equality Act legislation include but are not limited to the National Organization for Women,[22] 9to5: the National Association of Working Women,[22] the Coalition of Labor Union Women,[22] Feminist Majority,[22] Girls, Inc.,[22] Jewish Women International,[22] The National Black Women’s Reproductive Justice Agenda,[22] NARAL,[22] MANA, A National Latina Organization,[22] MomsRising,[22] National Alliance to End Sexual Violence,[22] National Asian Pacific American Women's Forum (NAPAWF),[22] National Association for Female Executives,[22] National Women's Health Network,[22] National Women's Law Center,[22] Planned Parenthood,[22] Positive Women’s Network-USA,[22] and United State of Women[22] to name a few.

Religious organizations and registered charities that have given public support to the act include Advocates for Youth, and various Catholic leaders and lobbying organizations such as Father James Martin, S.J.,[42] Network,[43] and DignityUSA.[44] Catholic theologian and nun Joan Chittister released a statement saying that the Equality Act "...must be passed, must be extended, and must be lived if religion itself is to be true".[45]

Other faiths groups and organizations that have publicly supported the act include the Episcopal Church,[46] The United Methodist Church,[46] The United Church of Christ,[47] the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America,[22] More Light Presbyterians,[22] African American Ministers in Action,[22] The Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists,[22] The Union for Reform Judaism,[46] United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism,[46] the Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association,[22] Muslims for Progressive Values,[22] the Hindu American Foundation,[22] and the Unitarian Universalist Association.[46]

Some religious leaders cited opposition to the bill for multiple reasons, including claims that it would infringe on religious liberty.[48][49]

On March 20, 2019, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops sent a letter addressed to the United States Senate that opposed the Equality Act on the grounds of freedom of expression and freedom of religion, among other concerns.[50]

On May 7, 2019, a coalition of Christian organizations sent a letter to the House of Representatives to state opposition to the Equality Act, which they said "undermines religious freedom, and threatens charitable nonprofits and the people they serve, regulates free speech, hinders quality health care, and endangers the privacy and safety of women and girls." In addition to four committee chairs of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, signers included leaders from the Christian Legal Society, the Center for Law and Religious Freedom, the Center for Public Justice, the National Association of Evangelicals, the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention, the Lutheran Center for Religious Liberty (affiliated with the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod), the Council of Christian Colleges and Universities, and the Institutional Religious Freedom Alliance.[51]

Bill Donohue, president of the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights, has asserted that "The Equality Act is the most comprehensive assault on religious liberty, the right to life, and privacy rights ever packaged into one bill." Donohue also stated his concern that "Catholic hospitals would no longer be allowed to govern as Catholic facilities, threatening healthcare for everyone, especially the poor."[52]

On May 16, 2019, Sister Carol Keehan, president of the Catholic Health Association sent a letter to lawmakers in the House expressing concern that the Act, as written, would roll back religious liberty protections. "Federal law has long recognized that certain services can present conflict for some faith-based health care providers with religious or moral objections to providing those services, and protected them from having to do so. We are concerned that the Equality Act omits and could erode or reduce those protections." The legislation, she noted, "lacks conscience protection language and precludes application of RFRA (Religious Freedom Restoration Act)."[53]

The American Family Association published an article in April 2019 opposing the Act.[54]

On May 13, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints released a statement that read in part, “The Equality Act now before Congress is not balanced and does not meet the standard of fairness for all. While providing extremely broad protections for LGBT rights, the Equality Act provides no protections for religious freedom".[49][55]

The Heritage Foundation has argued that the Act would adversely affect five groups of people (employers and workers; medical professionals; parents and children; non-profit organizations and their volunteers; and women), and they describe specific harms the Foundation believes each group would experience from the Act's passage. [56]

President Obama and Vice President Biden voiced support for the Equality Act when it was first introduced in the 114th United States Congress.[57][58]

The Trump Administration opposes the Equality Act. In August 2019, the White House issued a statement, "The Trump Administration absolutely opposes discrimination of any kind and supports the equal treatment of all; however, the House-passed bill in its current form is filled with poison pills that threaten to undermine parental and conscience rights.” [59]

On July 23, 2015, Rep. David Cicilline (D-RI) introduced the Equality Act of 2015 in the United States House of Representatives. The bill was supported by President Barack Obama.[57]

In January 2016, Rep. Bob Dold (R-IL) became the first Republican Representative to co-sponsor the bill.[60] Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-FL) became the second Republican to co-sponsor the bill in September 2016. Jenniffer González (R-PR) also co-sponsored the bill.[61]

On July 23, 2015, Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) introduced the Equality Act of 2015 in the United States Senate.

In January 2016, Sen. Mark Kirk (R-IL) became the first and only Republican Senator to co-sponsor the bill.

All Democrats and Independents cosponsored the bill with the exception of Heidi Heitkamp (D-ND), Joe Donnelly (D-IN), Joe Manchin (D-WV) and Jon Tester (D-MT).

On May 2, 2017, Rep. David Cicilline (D-RI) introduced the Equality Act of 2017 in the United States House of Representatives.

Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-FL) was the only Republican to co-sponsor the bill from the outset, with Rep. Scott Taylor (R-VA) becoming the second Republican to co-sponsor the bill on May 26, 2017.

On May 2, 2017, Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) introduced the Equality Act of 2017 in the United States Senate.

All Democrats and Independents cosponsored the bill with the exceptions of Joe Donnelly (D-IN) and Joe Manchin (D-WV).

On March 13, 2019, Rep. David Cicilline (D-RI) introduced the Equality Act of 2019 in the United States House of Representatives. The bill is sponsored by 237 Democrats and 3 Republicans. On May 1, 2019, the bill passed the House Judiciary Committee by a vote of 22-10, with all Democratic members of the committee voting in favor and all Republican members against.[62] A vote by the full House was held on May 17, 2019; the vote carried with 236 votes for and 173 against. Eight Republicans voted in favor of the bill and no Democrats opposed it.[4][63]

On March 13, 2019, Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) introduced the Equality Act of 2019 in the United States Senate. The bill was sponsored by 43 Democrats, 2 Independents, and 1 Republican.