Ernest Forrester Paton

Ernest Forrester Paton (1891–1970), also known by the Tamil name Chinnannan, was a Scottish United Free Church medical missionary to Pune, part of then-Bombay Presidency. He was the co-founder of Christukula Ashram, the first Protestant Christian Ashram in India, along with S. Jesudasan, a fellow missionary and Tamilian convert to Christianity, at Tirupattur of North Arcot, Tamil Nadu—part of then-Madras Presidency in South India. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Early life

Ernest Forrester Paton was born in a religiously devout family at Alloa, Scotland; Catherine Forrester Paton, his aunt, founded a women's missionary training college in Glasgow.[9] After primary schooling in Alloa, he continued his education at The Leys School, Cambridge, and at King's College, Cambridge. While at King's College, he became actively involved in the Student Christian movement and decided to become a missionary.[1][5]

Missionary work

In 1915, Ernest while a final year medical student in London appears to have got acquainted with Jesudasan, who was then-working in the London Medical Mission Hospital; it is also believed that it was Jesudasan who persuaded Ernest to go India for missionary work. Ernest Forrester and S. Jesudasan were sent as missionaries by the United Free Church (UFC) to Bombay Presidency's Pune, presently in Maharashtra.[1][5]

At Pune, Ernest and Jesudasan appear to have disliked the missionary duties, especially the mission's attitude to the leadership of Indians; consequently, both left the UFC and went back to United Kingdom before they returned to India as missionaries to South India in 1920.[1][5][6]

Ernest worked for fifty years as a missionary in South India. During that period, he changed his attire to Indian look by adopting an Indian way of living. All his life, he lived a simple life and contributed his earnings to the construction of hospitals, schools, and building up the ashram.[1] Through his association with the newly founded Vellore Christian Medical College, both he and Jesudasan went to work amongst the villages and established Christu-Kula Ashram. They also built a chapel at Tirupattur between 1928 and 1932.[4][5][10]

He joined Gandhi's Civil Disobedience campaign in 1930, and became a controversial figure in the eyes of the British Raj. On February 29, 1932, during the Civil Disobedience campaign, he was arrested on charges of picketing (under Ordinance V of 1932) and in fact, beaten by police during a Madras demonstration. This police case gained wider attention in India and Britain, including the raising of questions in the then-British Parliament. On 18 March February 1934, Gandhi came to Tiruppatur and visited S. Jesudan and Ernest Forrester.[1][3][5][6]

He died at an age of seventy-nine on 2 May 1970 at Kotagiri, where he had been staying due to the hot climate at Tirupaatur during that time.[1][5]

Christukula Ashram

With the growing national movement for Indian independence, liberal Western theologians, Indian Christian leaders associated with the Indian National Congress in East India Company provinces like Bengal and Madras Presidency, and notably, Scottish missionaries at Madras Christian College encouraged Indian Christian converts to rethink Christianity from an Indian perspective and clean it with Indian Christian literature. It also included like wearing the clothes of Indian Sannyasin as adopted by Robert de Nobili, and expressed their angst over the missionary emphasis on institutions like "Church". The Re-thinking group at Madras Christian College reiterated that Christianity must understand the spiritual genius of India, and adopt local methods of work and forms of worship; consequently, spirituality through Bhakti tradition (loving surrender to God) took its shape, and Inculturation of Christian faith through the notion of avatar became the order of the day. However, the attempts of the Re-thinking group attracted only a particular section of the Christian community—non-denominational missionary organizations started by converts in both Bengal and Madras Presidency failed to compete with well-established Western churches with adequate local resources attached to it. During this time, nationalist leaders like Gandhi and Rajaji gave an open call to the Indian christians to reform the institutional churches for allegedly having "impurities." [sic]—national leaders, especially Indian National Congress leaders or prominent Christian leaders associated with Indian National Congress, including liberal protestant theologians criticised the institution of the church for having hierarchy, rituals, and fixed dogmas – they publicly denounced that Church was more interested in administration than the Christian life—It is also believed without exaggeration that the nexus between the promoters of Indian Christian Ashram Movements and the Indian National Congress party facilitated the adoption of a secular Constitution of India, drafted similar to that of the Queen Victoria's proclamation.[2][3]

During this period, certain initiatives were made to localize Christianity using another fusion model called the Ashram strategy. Although an ashram, a small community of faithful people living the life of simplicity and as disciples of guru for Christians, had been existing from long before, the idea of establishing the ashram as counter-institution to the Western church became a reality after Gandhi made a speech on the concept of ashram in a conference at Madras Christian College in 1915. Gandhi also supported the Christian Ashram at Sattal, Uttarakhand founded in 1930 by E. Stanley Jones, Methodist Christian missionary to India; and friend of Gandhi who wrote biography on Gandhi, Ethel Mary Turner and Younus Singh Sinha. Ashram strategy has spread all across India rapidly as Gandhi was a prominent Indian national leader, especially with wider state support and public sympathy after Gandhi assassination—Ashram is also an institution like Church with hierarchy and local resources attached to it – often, either ashram or church performs same administration and receives grants or lands from state.[2][3][10][11][12][13]

With consultations from then-prominent Indian leaders like Gandhi and Rajaji, Ernest and Jesudasan established the Christukula Ashram (also Christu-Kula Ashram), family of Christ Ashram, in 1921 at Tirupattur in North Arcot, Tamil Nadu—South India. This ashram is considered as the first Protestant ashram to be founded in India to promote equality between Europeans and Indians, and also to present Christian life and worship to Indians—this ashram was aimed largely in aligning Christian community with the presumed ancient Hindu idea of the ashram.[1] Gandhi was invited to this ashram and he looks to have appreciated its remarkable endorsement of another religious ethos.[2][3][4][5][10]

The Christukula Ashram introduced new strategies like re-thinking everything in the light of theology through mysticism to suit the Indian context. As a pursuit of achieving communion, mysticism was identified with "conscious awareness of ultimate reality, the divinity, the spiritual truth, or God through direct experience, intuition, or insight." [sic] In the same context, Indian Christian theologians believed Bhakti mysticism as a bridge of understanding between Hinduism and Christianity as they felt that Bhakti mysticism was the nearest to Christian mystical experience.[2]

Works
  • Ashram Past and Present.
  • Devotional Addresses.
  • The Christukula Ashram: Family of Christ Ashram at Tirupattur, 1940.[2][14][15]

See also

References
  1. "Ernest Forrester Paton – Administrative/Biographical History". archiveshub.ac.uk. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2012. Ernest Forrester Paton, also known as Chinnannan, missionary in South India, was born in July 1891 at Alloa in Scotland – After consultation with Indian leaders they established the Christukula Ashram (Family of Christ Ashram) at Tirupattur, North Arcot, South India, in 1921. Affiliated to the National Missionary Society, this was one of the first Protestant ashrams and it aimed to promote equality between Europeans and Indians and to give an Indian presentation of Christian life and worship.
  2. "Uncapping the Springs of Localization: Christian Acculturation in South India in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, by M. Christhu Doss" (PDF). irdialogue.org. Retrieved June 20, 2012. nationalists including Gandhi gave an open call to the Christian intelligentsia to reform the institutionalized church for allegedly having impurities and its denial of salvation to all who were not considered Christians – The very idea of establishing an ashram—a small community of faithful people living a life of the greatest simplicity as disciples of a guru—for Christians, became a reality only after Gandhi made a speech on the concept of ashram in a conference in Madras Christian College in 1915 – the first Christian ashram, called Cristukula Ashram and founded by both a foreign missionary and an Indian named S. Jesudasan in 1921 in Tamil Nadu, continued the task of making distinctively Indian forms of Christianity. Interestingly, Gandhi was invited to this ashram and appreciated its remarkable endorsement of another religious ethos.
  3. "Christian Ashrams & Indian National Activism". ashramchristians.net. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2012. As the freedom struggle was gaining momentum, Periannan (Dr Savarirayan Jesudason F R C S E) along with Chinnannan (Dr Ernest Forrester Paton) started Christukula Ashram, the second Christian ashram in India in 1921 at Tirupattur. This ashram attracted many national leaders of the freedom struggle like Rajaji and Gandhiji. In 1928 Dr Savarirayan went to Sabarmathi Ashram, to meet Gandhiji.
  4. "Christu-Kula Ashram, Thirupaththur Needs Your Support". ashramchristians.net. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Christu-kula (Christ Family)? Ashram is the FIRST Christian Ashram (1921). This came into being with the dedicated initiatives of Dr Savarirayn Jesudasan F R C S E a.k.a. PERIANNANAN? and Dr Ernest Forrester Paton? F R C S E a.k.a. CHENNANAN.
  5. "Forrester-Paton, Ernest". mundus.ac.uk. Retrieved June 18, 2012. Ernest Forrester Paton, also known as Chinnannan, missionary in South India, was born in July 1891 at Alloa in Scotland.
  6. Stoddart, Brian (2001). A People's Collector In The British Raj: Arthur Galletti. Readworthy. p. 180. ISBN 9350181185. ISBN 9789350181188.
  7. Elwin, Verrier; Daniel O'Connor (1993). Din-sevak: Verrier Elwin's life of service in tribal India. Indiana University. I.S.P.C.K. p. 20. ISBN 817214069X. ISBN 9788172140694.
  8. Alexander, Elizabeth Susan (1994). The attitudes of British Protestant missionaries towards nationalism in India: with special reference to Madras Presidency, 1919-1927. the University of Michigan. Konark Publishers. p. 87. ISBN 81-220-0361-3.
  9. "Paton, Catherine Forrester- (1855–1914), philanthropist and a founder of women's missionary training in Scotland | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". www.oxforddnb.com. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/70062. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
  10. "CONTEMPLATION AND SOCIAL JUSTICE". silvepura.blogspot.in. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Not far from Kolar, two doctors at the newly founded Christian Medical college of Vellore, who were Dr. Ernest Forrester Paton, and Dr. Jesudasan, started the Christhu Kula Ashram. Here the Ashram was planned as a community dedicated to healing, and to helping the local community.
  11. "Who is E. Stanley Jones?". californiachristianashrams.org. Retrieved June 21, 2012. E. Stanley Jones had the ear of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the war years and was instrumental in nearly brokering a peace between Japan and the US. He knew Mahatma Gandhi, and Brother Stanley’s book about Gandhi’s efforts in non-violent resistance inspired Martin Luther King, Jr. to use that method in the civil rights struggle – In 1930, Brother Stanley started the first Christian Ashram because he recognized the need for accountability, fellowship and discipleship from fellow Christians.
  12. "Sierra Christian Ashram – E. Stanley Jones". sierrachristianashram.wordpress.com. Retrieved June 21, 2012. E. Stanley Jones helped to re-establish the Indian “Ashram” (forest retreat) where men and women would come together for days at a time to explore each other's faiths. Jones would later go on to establish Christian Ashrams around the world – He was a close confidant of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the time preceding World War II, and after the war he was greeted in Japan as the “Apostle of Peace”. He played an important role in establishing religious freedom in the post-colonial Indian government. He became a close friend of Mahatma Gandhi and even wrote a biography of Gandhi, a book which Martin Luther King said influenced him to adopt strict non-violent methods in the American civil rights movement. Jones had a strong influence in preventing the spread of communism in India.
  13. "About Sattal Christian Ashram". holidayiq.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012. The Sattal Mission Estate and Methodist Ashram is the most popular sightseeing of Sattal. This ashram was established in 1930 by a Christian missionary named E. Stanley Jones. Stanley Jones was a friend of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
  14. Savarirayan, Jesudason; Ernest Forrester-Paton (1940). The Christukula Ashram: Family of Christ Ashram at Tirupattur. N.M.S. Press.
  15. Andrews, Charles Freer; Savarirayan Jesudason; Ernest Forrester-Paton (1941). Devotional Addresses. Christu-Kula Ashram.
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