Ethylene carbonate

Ethylene carbonate (sometimes abbreviated EC) is the organic compound with the formula (CH2O)2CO. It is classified as the carbonate ester of ethylene glycol and carbonic acid. At room temperature (25 °C) ethylene carbonate is a transparent crystalline solid, practically odorless and colorless, and somewhat soluble in water. In the liquid state (m.p. 34-37 °C) it is a colorless odorless liquid.[2]

Ethylene carbonate
Skeletal formula of ethylene carbonate
Ball-and-stick model of the ethylene carbonate molecule
Names
IUPAC name
1,3-dioxolan-2-one
Other names
ethylene glycol carbonate[1]
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.002.283
UNII
Properties
C3H4O3
Molar mass 88.062 g·mol−1
Appearance White to yellow solid
Density 1.3210 g/cm3
Melting point 34 to 37 °C (93 to 99 °F; 307 to 310 K)
Boiling point 243.0 °C (469.4 °F; 516.1 K)
Soluble
Hazards
Safety data sheet External MSDS
Irritant (XI)
R-phrases (outdated) R41
S-phrases (outdated) S26 S39
Flash point 150 °C (302 °F; 423 K)
465 °C (869 °F; 738 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Production and reactions

Ethylene carbonate is produced by the reaction between ethylene oxide and carbon dioxide. The reaction is catalyzed by a variety of cations and complexes:[3][4]

(CH2)2O + CO2 → (CH2O)2CO

In the laboratory, ethylene carbonate can also be produced from the reaction of urea and ethylene glycol using zinc oxide as a catalyst at a temperature of 150 °C and a pressure of 3 kPa:[5]

(NH2)2CO + HO−CH2CH2−OH → (CH2O)2CO + 2 NH3

Ethylene carbonate (and propylene carbonate) may be converted to dimethyl carbonate (a useful solvent and a mild methylating agent) via transesterification by methanol:

C2H4CO3 + 2 CH3OH → CH3OCO2CH3 + HOC2H4OH

Dimethyl carbonate may itself be similarly transesterified to diphenyl carbonate, a phosgene-substitute:[3]

CH3OCO2CH3 + 2 PhOH → PhOCO2Ph + 2 MeOH

Applications

Ethylene carbonate is used as a polar solvent with a molecular dipole moment of 4.9 D,[6][7] only 0.1 D lower than that of propylene carbonate.

It can be used as a high permittivity component of electrolytes in lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries. Other components like diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and methyl acetate can be added to those electrolytes in order to decrease the viscosity and melting point.[8]

Ethylene carbonate is also used as plasticizer, and as a precursor to vinylene carbonate, which is used in polymers and in organic synthesis.

Oxalyl chloride is produced commercially from ethylene carbonate. Photochlorination gives the tetrachloroethylene carbonate:[9]

C2H4O2CO + 4 Cl2 → C2Cl4O2CO + 4 HCl

The tetrachloride is degraded to oxalyl chloride by amine catalysts.

C2Cl4O2CO → C2O2Cl2 + COCl2

See also

References
  1. "CID 7303 -- PubChem Compound Summary". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  2. JEFFSOL ETHYLENE CARBONATE catalog entry at www.huntsman.com. Accessed on 2010-02-18.
  3. Buysch, Hans-Josef (2012). "Carbonic Esters". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_197.
  4. Comerford, James W.; Ingram, Ian D. V.; North, Michael; Wu, Xiao (2015). "Sustainable metal-based catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates containing five-membered rings". Green Chemistry. 17 (4): 1966–1987. doi:10.1039/C4GC01719F.
  5. Bhalchandra M. Bhanage; Shin-ichiro Fujita (2003). "Transesterification of urea and ethylene glycol to ethylene carbonate as an important step for urea based dimethyl carbonate synthesis". Green Chemistry. 5 (4): 429–432. doi:10.1039/b304182d.
  6. Ralph P. Seward; Ernest C. Vieira (1958). "The Dielectric Constants of Ethylene Carbonate and of Solutions of Ethylene Carbonate in Water, Methanol, Benzene and Propylene Carbonate". J. Phys. Chem. 62 (1): 127–128. doi:10.1021/j150559a041.
  7. Richard Payne; Ignatius E. Theodorou (1972). "Dielectric properties and relaxation in ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate". J. Phys. Chem. 76 (20): 2892–2900. doi:10.1021/j100664a019.
  8. E. R. Logan; J. R. Dahn (2018). "A Study of the Physical Properties of Li-Ion Battery Electrolytes Containing Esters". J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 (2): A21–A30. doi:10.1149/2.0271802jes. OSTI 1469344.
  9. Pfoertner, Karl-Heinz (2000). "Photochemistry". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_573.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.