Evil number

In number theory, an evil number is a non-negative integer that has an even number of 1s in its binary expansion.[1] These numbers give the positions of the zero values in the Thue–Morse sequence, and for this reason they have also been called the Thue–Morse set.[2] Non-negative integers that are not evil are called odious numbers.

Examples

The first evil numbers are:

0, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36, 39 ...[1]

Equal sums

The partition of the non-negative integers into the odious and evil numbers is the unique partition of these numbers into two sets that have equal multisets of pairwise sums.[3]

As 19th-century mathematician Eugène Prouhet showed, the partition into evil and odious numbers of the numbers from to , for any , provides a solution to the Prouhet–Tarry–Escott problem of finding sets of numbers whose sums of powers are equal up to the th power.[4]

In computer science

In computer science, an evil number is said to have even parity.

References
  1. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.), "Sequence A001969 (Evil numbers: numbers with an even number of 1's in their binary expansion)", The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, OEIS Foundation
  2. Charlier, Émilie; Cisternino, Célia; Massuir, Adeline (2019), "State complexity of the multiples of the Thue-Morse set", Proceedings Tenth International Symposium on Games, Automata, Logics, and Formal Verification, Electron. Proc. Theor. Comput. Sci. (EPTCS), 305, pp. 34–49, doi:10.4204/EPTCS.305.3, MR 4030092
  3. Lambek, J.; Moser, L. (1959), "On some two way classifications of integers", Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, 2: 85–89, doi:10.4153/CMB-1959-013-x, MR 0104631
  4. Wright, E. M. (1959), "Prouhet's 1851 solution of the Tarry-Escott problem of 1910", American Mathematical Monthly, 66: 199–201, doi:10.2307/2309513, MR 0104622
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