Felix Leiter

Felix Leiter is a fictional character created by Ian Fleming in the James Bond series. The character is an operative for the CIA and Bond's friend. After losing a leg and his hand to a shark attack, Leiter joined the Pinkerton Detective Agency. The name "Felix" comes from the middle name of Fleming's friend Ivar Bryce, while the name "Leiter" was the surname of Fleming's friend Marion Oates Leiter Charles, then the wife of Thomas Leiter.

Felix Leiter
James Bond character
The many faces of Felix Leiter:
from top-left: Jack Lord, Cec Linder, Rik Van Nutter, Norman Burton
from bottom-left: David Hedison, John Terry, David Hedison, Jeffrey Wright.
First appearanceCasino Royale (1953)
Last appearanceNo Time to Die (2021)
Created byIan Fleming
Portrayed byMichael Pate (as "Clarence Leiter") (1954)
Jack Lord (1962)
Cec Linder (1964)
Rik Van Nutter (1965)
Norman Burton (1971)
David Hedison (1973 & 1989)
Bernie Casey (1983)
John Terry (1987)
Jeffrey Wright (2006–present)
In-universe information
GenderMale
OccupationCIA operative
DEA agent
Private investigator
SpouseDella Leiter (née Churchill) (wife, deceased)
ChildrenCedar Leiter (daughter)
NationalityAmerican
ClassificationAlly

Leiter also appeared in novels by continuation authors, as well as ten films and one television episode, "Casino Royale" (Climax!, season one, episode three), where the character became a British agent, Clarence Leiter, played by Michael Pate. In the Eon Productions series of films, Leiter has been portrayed by Jack Lord, Cec Linder, Rik Van Nutter, Norman Burton, David Hedison, John Terry and Jeffrey Wright; in the independent production Never Say Never Again, the part was played by Bernie Casey. Leiter has also appeared in the video game 007 Legends.

Novels

Felix Leiter, James Bond's CIA ally and friend, played a part in six of the Fleming novels; he is introduced in Casino Royale as being thin, tall, about thirty-five years old[1] and a former U.S. Marine who was working with the Joint Intelligence Staff of NATO.[2] Fleming named the character after two of his American friends: "Felix" was Ivar Bryce's middle name, whilst Tommy Leiter was a mutual friend.[3] Academic Kerstin Jütting describes Leiter as "a cool and quiet no-nonsense character who knows 007's strengths and weaknesses well".[4] Physically, Fleming describes Leiter in Casino Royale: "a mop of straw-coloured hair lent his face a boyish look which closer examination contradicted".[5] The novel Goldfinger establishes that Leiter had held the rank of Captain within the Marine Corps.

Leiter is Bond's saviour in Casino Royale, providing him with 32 million francs when Bond has been cleaned out by SMERSH paymaster Le Chiffre, calling it "Marshall Aid".[6] Media historian James Chapman notes that Bond's relationship with Leiter represented the Special Relationship between Britain and America, although the American Leiter is in the subordinate position to the British Bond.[7] Academic Jeremy Black agrees, although points out that the Bond and Leiter relationship suggested "a far smoother working of the Anglo-American alliance than was in fact the case."[8] Academic and writer Kingsley Amis, in his exploration of Bond in The James Bond Dossier, considered that this view of Leiter was partly because of Fleming's writing, noting that "Leiter, such a nonentity as a piece of characterization ... he, the American, takes orders from Bond, the Britisher, and that Bond is constantly doing better than he".[9] Bond scholars Bennett and Woollacott note that although the two men share adventures, it is Bond who leads, not Leiter. Leiter's role is to "suppl[y] Bond with technical support and hardware, add ... muscle where needed and money".[10]

Fleming's second novel, Live and Let Die shows that in his early twenties, Leiter wrote a few pieces on Dixieland jazz for the New York Amsterdam News.[2] Bond scholar John Griswold notes that in the original draft of the story, Fleming killed Leiter off in the shark attack;[11] when Naomi Burton, Fleming's US agent with Curtis Brown, protested about the death of the character, Fleming relented and Leiter lived, albeit missing an arm and half a leg.[12] Espionage scholar Rupert Allason, writing as Nigel West, noted that Leiter's involvement in a domestic US matter was a breach of the CIA's charter, as laid out in the National Security Act of 1947.[13]

Leiter is critically injured in Live and Let Die after falling into a pool inhabited by a shark, but returns in Diamonds Are Forever, having lost his right arm and left leg. He wears a hook for his missing hand and a prosthetic leg and has left the CIA since he could only take desk work with his gun hand gone. He has since become a private detective with the Pinkerton agency and is in charge of its investigations concerning fraud in horse racing.[14] He remains on the reserve of the CIA and is recalled for Goldfinger, Thunderball and The Man with the Golden Gun.[15] Fleming had flown to the US in August 1954 to research the background to Diamonds Are Forever; his friend Ernest Cuneo introduced him to a rich socialite, William Woodward Jr., who drove a Studillac—a Studebaker with a powerful Cadillac engine. According to Bond scholar Henry Chancellor, "the speed and comfort of it impressed Ian, and he shamelessly appropriated this car" for Leiter to drive in the novel.[16]

For the post-Fleming continuation Bond authors, Leiter has also appeared on a periodic basis. After John Gardner took over writing the James Bond novel series, Leiter made an occasional appearance and the novel For Special Services introduces his daughter, Cedar Leiter, who is also a CIA officer (and briefly Bond's romantic conquest).[17] Raymond Benson also included Leiter's character in some of his novels, including The Facts of Death and Doubleshot.[18] The 2008 Sebastian Faulks novel Devil May Care and the 2011 novel Carte Blanche by Jeffery Deaver both contain the character.[19][20]

Television
Michael Pate: "Clarence Leiter" from the British Secret Service.

Michael Pate: 1954

The first screen interpretation of the Leiter character was in the 1954 CBS one-hour television adventure Casino Royale, broadcast as part of the dramatic anthology series Climax Mystery Theater, which ran between October 1954 and June 1958.[21] For the American audience the Bond character from Casino Royale was re-cast as an American agent—"Card Sense" Jimmy Bond, played by Barry Nelson—described as working for "Combined Intelligence", supported by the British agent, Clarence Leiter;[22] "thus was the Anglo-American relationship depicted in the book reversed for American consumption", according to Jeremy Black.[23] Leiter, who was an agent for Station S, was a combination of the novel's Felix Leiter and René Mathis[24] and was played by the Australian actor Michael Pate.[25]

Films

Eon Productions films
Film Year Portrayed by
Dr. No 1962 Jack Lord
Goldfinger 1964 Cec Linder
Thunderball 1965 Rik Van Nutter
Diamonds are Forever 1971 Norman Burton
Live and Let Die 1973 David Hedison
Licence to Kill 1989
The Living Daylights 1987 John Terry
Casino Royale 2006 Jeffrey Wright
Quantum of Solace 2008
No Time to Die 2021

Jack Lord: 1962

Jack Lord was the first Felix Leiter, appointed into the role for the first Bond film, Dr. No.[26] Eon Productions started filming the series out of the order written by Fleming (Fleming had started with Casino Royale, with Dr. No being the sixth novel). Leiter was not present in the Fleming novel, but the writers added the character to the film.[27] Bond scholars Smith and Lavington consider Leiter to offer negligible help to Bond, largely because there is no role for him in the novel,[28] a point with which continuation Bond author Raymond Benson agrees, noting that he is "extraneous to the dramatic action".[29] Jeremy Black agrees, although points out that the inclusion of Leiter was a sign of American influence in the Caribbean.[30]

Lord played Leiter in a "swaggering" fashion,[31] according to Smith and Lavington, and they considered him "excellent, an effective American version of James Bond."[31] Bond scholars Pfeiffer and Worrall agree, stating that Lord's was "one of the most satisfying portrayals of Leiter".[32]

Featured in
  • Dr. No (1962)

Cec Linder: 1964

When the role of Leiter was brought back for the third Bond film, Goldfinger, in 1964, Lord was again approached to play Leiter; according to screenwriter Richard Maibaum, Lord demanded co-star billing with Connery, a bigger role and more money to reprise the role.[33] The producers instead decided to recast the role, initially with Austin Willis.[34] At the last minute, Cec Linder switched roles with Willis, who played cards with Goldfinger.[34] Linder was the only actor actually on location in Miami.[35] Raymond Benson considers that Linder was "miscast" as Leiter because he looked too old: "he looks like Bond's uncle rather than his best friend."[36]

Featured in
  • Goldfinger (1964)

Rik Van Nutter: 1965

The fourth film in the Eon series, Thunderball, was the third to portray Leiter and the producers chose a third actor to play the role, Rik Van Nutter. Van Nutter was married to Swedish actress Anita Ekberg (an image of whom also has a minor plot role in From Russia with Love) at the time and the couple had dined with Cubby and Dana Broccoli after Ekberg had appeared in the Eon-produced Call Me Bwana. Van Nutter was subsequently offered the Leiter role without an audition,[37] although he did have screen tests with some of the Bond girls.[38]

According to Pfeiffer and Worrall, Leiter had a more proactive role in Thunderball and Van Nutter was "an inspired choice for the role".[39] Smith and Lavington agree and consider that Van Nutter's "relaxed and charming performance works well."[40] Benson also concurs, but complains that although Van Nutter is a piece of successful casting, "the script ... does not give the character any real depth".[41]

Featured in
  • Thunderball (1965)

Norman Burton: 1971

For the 1971 instalment, Diamonds Are Forever, Eon chose Norman Burton. Burton's Leiter was more amusing and more exasperated than the previous incarnations of the role.[42]

Raymond Benson again considers that the Leiter role was miscast and considered Burton to be "overweight and too old for the role".[43] Smith and Lavington describe him as "an elderly, portly man in a government-issue suit ... anonymous, orthodox".[44] Pfeiffer and Worrall agree, thinking that Burton was "the least likely incarnation" of Leiter.[45]

Featured in
  • Diamonds Are Forever (1971)

David Hedison: 1973 & 1989

In 1973 the Bond franchise introduced a new main lead, Roger Moore, who played Bond for the next twelve years in seven films.[46][47] To play the part of Leiter in Live and Let Die, an old friend of Moore's was chosen, David Hedison.[48] Pfeiffer and Worrall consider that this friendship comes through, with "genuine chemistry" between the two.[49] Hedison played the role with an understated charm, although the script did not give Leiter much to do.[49] Raymond Benson thought him miscast, but acknowledged that "he's the best Leiter next to Rik Van Nutter."[50]

Hedison returned to play Leiter sixteen years later in Licence to Kill and after another actor had also been in the role. Hedison did not expect to return to the role, saying "I was sure that ... [Live and Let Die] would be my first – and last"[51] and Glen was reluctant to cast the 61-year-old actor, since the role even had a scene parachuting. Hedison was the only actor to play Leiter in multiple films until Jeffrey Wright appeared in Casino Royale, Quantum of Solace and No Time to Die [52][53]

Leiter, now working with the DEA,[54] is central to the plot of Licence to Kill. Leiter and Bond work together to capture drug lord Franz Sanchez on the way to Leiter's wedding, at which Bond serves as Best Man. A short time later, Leiter and his wife Della are attacked by an escaped Sanchez, who kills Della and tortures Leiter by lowering him into a tank containing a great white shark - an event transferred from the original plot of Live and Let Die. Bond finds Leiter maimed but alive, and seeks revenge on Sanchez, paving the way for the rest of the film's plot. At the film's end, Leiter is shown recovering in the hospital. [55]

Featured in
  • Live and Let Die (1973)
  • Licence to Kill (1989)

John Terry: 1987

Following Hedison's first outing in 1973 in Live and Let Die, the Leiter role did not appear again until the 1987 film The Living Daylights, by which time Bond was being played by Timothy Dalton; the role was taken up by John Terry.[56]

Smith and Lavington consider that, although the scene between Bond and Leiter sees warmth in the relationship between them, "it is too fleeting to have any impact".[57] Pfeiffer and Worrall agree on the briefness of Leiter's role in the film, although they consider that Terry has "virtually no chemistry with Dalton".[58]

Featured in
  • The Living Daylights (1987)

Jeffrey Wright: 2006, 2008 & 2021

Casino Royale rebooted[59] the series, which allowed Leiter to re-appear; he and Bond meet for the first time in the film.[54] He appeared again in Quantum of Solace; early script drafts for Quantum of Solace gave Wright a larger role, but his screen time was restricted by on-set rewrites.[60] Leiter is mentioned by Bond in Spectre as a friend he has called upon for help, and the character is set to return in No Time to Die.

Featured in
  • Casino Royale (2006)
  • Quantum of Solace (2008)
  • No Time to Die (2021)

Bernie Casey: 1983

In 1983 Kevin McClory, one of the original writers of the novel Thunderball, produced Never Say Never Again, a re-make of the 1965 film Thunderball. McClory's rights to the film were held separate to those of Eon Productions, although he had been one of the producers for the original Thunderball adaptation.[61] The film marked the return of Sean Connery to the Bond role;[62] he spoke with Bernie Casey, saying that as the Leiter role was never remembered by audiences, using a black Leiter might make him more memorable.[63] Smith and Lavington consider Casey to be "the most compelling Felix Leiter since Jack Lord", although again there was little in the script for him to do.[64]

Featured in
  • Never Say Never Again (1983)

Video games

In the 2012 game 007 Legends, Canadian-American actor Demetri Goritsas provided his likeness and voice for the character of Leiter.[65]

Comics

Felix Leiter has made several appearances in multiple comic strips as well as comic books as a supporting character aiding Bond on joint assignments, some of them being adaptations of the novels and the films, while others maintaining original storylines. He briefly makes an appearance in Permission to Die (1989), later returning in A Silent Armageddon (1992), playing a rather large role in The Quasimodo Gambit (1995), a brief comeback in Eidolon (2016), and at the latest, in Black Box (2017).

In January 2017, Dynamite Comics published the first issue of a miniseries starring Felix, written by James Robinson and illustrated by Aaron Campbell, simply titled, Felix Leiter.[66]

Analysis

In The New York Times, Thomas Vinciguerra has referred to Leiter as James Bond's "sidekick" and documented that his evolving character has paralleled Bond's fortunes as both a cinematic icon and a hero of the Cold War and its aftermath.[67]

References
  1. Benson 1988, p. 90.
  2. Griswold 2006, p. 45.
  3. Chancellor 2005, p. 194.
  4. Jütting 2007, p. 110.
  5. Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 152.
  6. Black 2005, p. 6.
  7. Chapman 2009, p. 34.
  8. Black 2005, p. 7.
  9. Amis 1966, p. 90.
  10. Bennett & Woollacott 1987, p. 100.
  11. Griswold 2006, p. 88.
  12. Benson 1988, p. 6.
  13. West 2010, p. 26.
  14. West 2010, p. 170.
  15. West 2010, p. 119.
  16. Chancellor 2005, p. 158.
  17. Simpson 2002, p. 54.
  18. Lane & Simpson 2000, p. 129.
  19. Breen, Jon L. (5 December 2011). "Back on the Job; Familiar faces, contemporary cases". The Weekly Standard.
  20. Kemp, Peter (25 May 2008). "Live and let spy". The Sunday Times. London. p. 4.
  21. Lycett 1996, p. 264.
  22. Benson 1988, p. 11.
  23. Black, Jeremy (Winter 2002–2003). "Oh, James". The National Interest (70): 106. ISSN 0884-9382.
  24. Benson 1988, p. 7.
  25. Rubin 2003, p. 230.
  26. Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 9.
  27. Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 19.
  28. Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 11.
  29. Benson 1988, p. 168.
  30. Black 2005, p. 95.
  31. Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 15.
  32. Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 19.
  33. Goldberg, Lee (March 1983). "The Richard Maibaum Interview". Starlog (68): 26.
  34. Dunbar 2001, p. 49.
  35. Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 39.
  36. Benson 1988, p. 181.
  37. Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 62.
  38. Rubin 2003, p. 432.
  39. Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 50.
  40. Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 55.
  41. Benson 1988, p. 186.
  42. Rubin 2003, p. 61.
  43. Benson 1988, p. 205.
  44. Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 106.
  45. Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 81.
  46. Lipp 2006, p. 186.
  47. Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 128.
  48. Moore 2008, p. 175.
  49. Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 91.
  50. Benson 1988, p. 210.
  51. "David Hedison Interview". Mi6-HQ.com. 24 June 2005. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  52. Barnes & Hearn 2001, p. 178.
  53. Siegel, Tatiana; Meza, Ed (2 January 2008). "'Bell' man takes on Bond". Variety.com. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  54. Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 153.
  55. Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 164.
  56. Rubin 2003, p. 407.
  57. Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 215.
  58. Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 155.
  59. Robey, Tim (12 January 2011). "Sam Mendes may have problems directing new James Bond movie". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  60. "The Secrets of Quantum of Solace". IGN. 5 April 2008. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  61. Poliakoff, Keith (2000). "License to Copyright - The Ongoing Dispute Over the Ownership of James Bond" (PDF). Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal. Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. 18: 387–436. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  62. Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 192.
  63. Benson 1988, p. 243.
  64. Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 195.
  65. Norris, Erik (24 September 2012). "Making 007: Legends, Pt. 3 – From Concept to Reality". CraveOnline. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  66. https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/comics-dynamite-announces-felix-leiter-spin-off Felix Leiter Spin-Off Comic
  67. "Cultural Studies; Holmes Had Watson. Why Can't Bond Keep Leiter?". The New York Times. 17 November 2002.

Bibliography
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