Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia

The military administration was originally stationed in Mikkeli, Finland, where the general staff of the Finnish army was located. On October 15, it was transferred to Joensuu, Finland, and finally on November 15, 1943, to Äänislinna (Petrozavodsk), KFSSR.[8]

The first commander of the military administration was mining counselor and CEO of Enso-Gutzeit, Lieutenant Colonel Väinö Kotilainen. Kotilainen was followed by Colonel J. V. Arajuuri from June 15, 1942 to August 19, 1943, and finally by Col Olli Paloheimo who held the position to the end of the war.[9]

On the staff of the military commander worked professor of administrative law Veli Merikoski, whose task was to ensure that the military administration functioned in accordance with international law.[10] After the end of the Continuation War, Merikoski wrote a booklet on the military administration, describing it in an overtly positive light.[10] This was done to help the Finnish cause in the coming peace negotiations.[10]

Members of the Academic Karelia Society (AKS), a Finno-Ugric activist organization, held a dominating role in the military administration.[11] During the Continuation War the "liberation" of Eastern Karelia had become the main focus point of AKS activities, and its members were highly influential in choosing the policies of the military administration in accordance with the organization's "Greater Finland" ideology.[11] In the summer of 1941, over half of the initial higher leadership of the military administration were AKS members.[11]

As most place names in Eastern Karelia had a historical Finnish or Karelian alternatives which were still in use in the KFSSR, extensive renaming was not necessary.[12] The notable exception is Petroskoi (Petrozavodsk), which was deemed as sounding too "Russian", and was renamed Äänislinna, a literal Finnish translation of the name Onegaborg used in the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum of Abraham Ortelius.[12][13] Although Finnish troops never reached Kemi (Kem) on the shores of the White Sea, this town was also to be renamed, as a town with an identical name already stood in Finnish Lapland.[14] The new name was tentatively suggested to be Vienanlinna ("Castle of Viena"), a continuation of several Finnish cities and towns ending in suffix -linna (e.g. Hämeenlinna, Savonlinna).[14]

Streets were to be named after prominent Finns and patriots (such as Mannerheim, Elias Lönnrot, Elias Simojoki and Paavo Talvela), and also after names featured in the Kalevala and the Kanteletar.[15] The Karelian population was also discouraged from giving their children Slavic names.[15]

The remaining population of Eastern Karelia was estimated to be under 85,000 in 1941, and consisted mainly of women, children and the elderly, while the pre-war population was about 300,000.[16] The Finnish authorities further estimated that of the remaining 85,000, about half could be classified as "national"; that is, Karelians, Finns, Estonians, Ingrians, Vepsians and other smaller Finnic minorities considered "kindred peoples" (heimo).[16][17] The majority of the population was defined as "non-national", with most being Russian or Ukrainian.[17] The Finns encountered considerable challenges in dividing the population into these two groups, as linguistic and ethnic boundaries were not very apparent.[17] Ultimately, the division was based on ethnic principles (sometimes expressing somewhat pseudo-scientific anthropological theories), and thus monolingual Russian-speaking Karelians and children from multinational families were usually classified as "national".[16][17] The long-term goal of this pursued policy was to expel the "non-national" part of the population to German-occupied Russia after the war had reached a victorious conclusion.[16]

Finnish propaganda directed for the Karelian population focused on pan-Finnicism, presented the occupiers as liberators, and also tried to encourage antagonism between the Karelians and Russians.[18] The main propaganda tools of the military administration were the newspaper Vapaa Karjala ("Free Karelia") and Aunus Radio.[19]

Obligatory school attendance applied to 7- to 15-year-old children classified as "national" in ethnicity.[20] The language of instruction was Finnish and the teaching had a heavy focus on Finnish nationalistic and religious themes.[14][20] If the children were monolingual Russian or Veps speakers, with the latter language differing considerably from Finnish, Karelian-speaking children were used as translators.[14] By the end of 1942, 110 elementary schools were opened, with an attendance of over 10 000 children.[16]

One of the aims of the military administration was the revival of religious observation, which had been completely repressed under Soviet rule.[21] The central idea of this policy was to bolster anti-communist feelings among the "nationals".[16]

Suffering from severe underpopulation, especially after the planned expulsion of the "non-national" ethnic groups, the Finns theorized several possible ways to repopulate the region. Most suggestions revolved around the re-settlement of certain Finnic minorities of Russia.[22] The Karelians of Tver, who had escaped Swedish and Lutheran rule from the County of Kexholm and Ingria after the Ingrian War and the Treaty of Stolbovo of 1617 were especially considered,[22] as the Soviet Census of 1926 had counted them as numbering over 140 000, making the Karelian population of Tver more numerous than the Karelians in the KFSSR itself. The transfer was not, however, possible before Finnish and German fronts reached each other on the River Svir, which never happened during the war.

The other main group intended to be settled in Eastern Karelia was the Ingrian Finns of the Leningrad Oblast,[22] who according to the 1926 census numbered c. 115,000.[23] However, during Stalin's purges tens of thousands of Ingrians had perished or were transferred to other parts of the Soviet Union,[24] and in 1941 the Ingrians of Leningrad probably numbered only c. 80,000–90,000. In the autumn of 1941, Western and Central Ingria were occupied by the advancing German forces and placed under German military administration. Because Ingria was to be reserved for German colonization according to the Generalplan Ost (Ingermanland), the German and Finnish authorities agreed on a treaty which stated that Ingria was to be totally emptied of Finns and other Finnic minorities, mainly Votes and Izhorians. This treaty was implemented during March 1943 to the summer of 1944, when over 64,000 people were transferred from Ingria to Finland.[25] The Ingrians remaining areas still under the control of the Red Army (c. 20,000–30,000) were deported to Siberia during the winter of 1942–1943. After the Moscow Armistice, some 55,000 Ingrians were repatriated to the Soviet Union, but were not allowed to return to their homes in the Leningrad Oblast before the 1950s.[26] Around 7,000 to 8,000 Ingrians moved from Finland to Sweden to escape the Soviet authorities.[26]

Other discussed sources for East Karelian settlers included the Finnish immigrants of America and Canada, the Finnic Soviet prisoners of war under German capture, Eastern Karelian refugees currently living in Finland, and Finnish war veterans.[22] Land redistribution was to favor those without farms or land, disabled veterans who were still capable of working, former NCOs, border jägers and soldiers distinguished in battle.[22]

At the beginning of the Finnish occupation of Karelia, over 20,000 of the local ethnic Russians (almost half of them) were placed in internment and labor camps. At the end of 1941 this number rose to 24,000. Later prisoners were gradually released and then transferred to empty villages. However, their movement was controlled as they had red clearance, while "national" people had green clearance. Furthermore, ethnic Russians did not have permission to travel to Finland.[27]

Living in Finnish camps was harsh as 4,000–7,000 of civil prisoners died, mostly from hunger during the spring and summer of 1942 due to failed harvest of 1941.[28][29] Also segregation in education and medical care between Karelians and Russians created resentment among the Russian population. These actions made many local ethnic Russian people support the partisan attacks.[29]

• Rautala, Ari (2002). Itä-Karjalan valtaus 1941. Jyväskylä: Gummerus. ISBN 951-20-6161-9.