Forms of address in the United Kingdom

Forms of address used in the United Kingdom are given below. For further information on Courtesy Titles see Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom.

Abbreviations

Several terms have been abbreviated in the table below. The forms used in the table are given first, followed by alternative acceptable abbreviations in parentheses.

Royalty

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral address
KingHM The KingYour MajestyYour Majesty, and thereafter as "Sir"
(or the archaic "Sire")
QueenHM The QueenYour MajestyYour Majesty, and thereafter as "Ma'am"
(to rhyme with "jam" or "lamb")[1][2]
Prince of WalesHRH The Prince of WalesYour Royal HighnessYour Royal Highness, and thereafter as
"Sir" (for males) or "Ma'am" (for females)
Wife of the Prince of WalesHRH The Princess of Wales (traditionally)
HRH The Duchess of Rothesay (in Scotland)
HRH The Duchess of Cornwall (an exception to tradition since 2005)
Princess RoyalHRH The Princess Royal
Royal peerHRH The Duke of London,[Note 1] e.g. HRH The Duke of Cambridge
Royal peeressHRH The Duchess of London, e.g. HRH The Duchess of Cambridge
Sovereign's son
(unless a peer)
HRH The Prince John
Sovereign's son's wife
(unless a peeress)
HRH The Princess John
Sovereign's daughter
(unless a peeress)
HRH The Princess Mary
Sons of the Prince of Wales
(unless a peer)
HRH Prince John of Wales
Daughters of the Prince of Wales
(unless a peer)
HRH Princess Mary of Wales
Sovereign's son's son
Prince of Wales's eldest son's sons
(unless a peer)
HRH Prince John of London, e.g. HRH Prince Michael of Kent
Sovereign's son's son's wife
(unless a peeress)
HRH Princess John of London, e.g. HRH Princess Michael of Kent
Sovereign's son's daughter
Prince of Wales's eldest son's daughters
(unless a peeress)
HRH Princess Mary of London, e.g. HRH Princess Beatrice of York
Sovereign's son's son's son
(unless a peer)
(Except sons of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales)
The Lord John Windsor, e.g. The Lord Nicholas WindsorDear Lord JohnLord John
Sovereign's son's son's son's wife
(unless a peeress)
The Lady John Windsor, e.g. The Lady Nicholas WindsorDear Lady JohnLady John
Sovereign's son's son's daughter
(unless a peeress)
(Except daughters of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales)
The Lady Mary Windsor, e.g. The Lady Helen TaylorDear Lady MaryLady Mary

A formal announcement in The London Gazette reads:

"The Queen has been pleased by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the Realm dated 31 December 2012 to declare that all the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales should have and enjoy the style, title and attribute of Royal Highness with the titular dignity of Prince or Princess prefixed to their Christian names or with such other titles of honour."

This refers to any children of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.

Nobility

Peers and peeresses

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letter[Note 2]Oral address
Duke(His Grace) The Duke of London[Note 3] My Lord Duke or
Dear Duke (of London)
Your Grace or
Duke[5]
Duchess(Her Grace) The Duchess of LondonMadam or
Dear Duchess (of London)
Your Grace or
Duchess[6]
Marquess(The Most Hon) The Marquess (of) London[Note 4]My Lord Marquess or
Dear Lord London
My Lord or
Your Lordship or
Lord London
Marchioness(The Most Hon) The Marchioness (of) London[Note 4]Madam or
Dear Lady London
My Lady[7] or
Your Ladyship or
Lady London
Earl(The Rt Hon) The Earl (of) London[Note 4][Note 5]My Lord or
Dear Lord London
My Lord or
Your Lordship or
Lord London
Countess(The Rt Hon) The Countess (of) London[Note 4][Note 5]Madam or
Dear Lady London
My Lady[7]or
Your Ladyship or
Lady London
Viscount(The Rt Hon) The Viscount London[Note 5]My Lord or
Dear Lord London
My Lord or
Your Lordship or
Lord London
Viscountess(The Rt Hon) The Viscountess London[Note 5]Madam or
Dear Lady London
My Lady[7]or
Your Ladyship or
Lady London
Baron
Lord of Parliament
(The Rt Hon) The Lord London[Note 5]My Lord or
Dear Lord London
My Lord or
Your Lordship or
Lord London
Baroness (in her own right)(The Rt Hon) The Lady London or
(The Rt Hon) The Baroness London
Madam or
Dear Lady London[Note 5]
My Lady[7]or
Your Ladyship or
Lady London
Baroness (in her husband's right)
Lady of Parliament (in her or her husband's right)
(The Rt Hon) The Lady London[Note 5]Madam or
Dear Lady London
My Lady[7]or
Your Ladyship or
Lady London

Eldest sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of dukes, marquesses and earls

Eldest sons of dukes, marquesses and earls use their father's most senior subsidiary title as courtesy titles: note the absence of "The" before the title.[Note 6] If applicable, eldest sons of courtesy marquesses or courtesy earls also use a subsidiary title from their (great) grandfather, which is lower ranking than the one used by their father. Eldest daughters do not have courtesy titles; all courtesy peeresses are wives of courtesy peers.[Note 7]

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral address
Courtesy marquessMarquess of LondonMy Lord or
Dear Lord London
My Lord or
Lord London
Courtesy marquess's wifeMarchioness of LondonMadam or
Dear Lady London
My Lady or
Lady London
Courtesy earlEarl of LondonMy Lord or
Dear Lord London
My Lord or
Lord London
Courtesy earl's wifeCountess of LondonMadam or
Dear Lady London
My Lady or
Lady London
Courtesy viscountViscount LondonMy Lord or
Dear Lord London
My Lord or
Lord London
Courtesy viscount's wifeViscountess LondonMadam or
Dear Lady London
My Lady or
Lady London
Courtesy baron
Courtesy Lord of Parliament
Lord LondonMy Lord or
Dear Lord London
My Lord or
Lord London
Courtesy baron's wife
Wife of courtesy Lord of Parliament
Lady LondonMadam or
Dear Lady London
My Lady or
Lady London

Heirs-apparent and heirs-presumptive of Scottish peers

(Heirs-apparent and heirs-presumptive of Scottish peers use the titles "Master" and "Mistress"; these are substantive, not courtesy titles. If, however, the individual is the eldest son of a Duke, Marquess or Earl, then he uses the appropriate courtesy title, as noted above.)

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral address
Scottish peer's heir-apparent
or heir-presumptive
The Master of EdinburghSir or
Dear Master of Edinburgh
Sir or
Master
Scottish peer's heiress-apparent
or heiress-presumptive
The Mistress of EdinburghMadam or
Dear Mistress of Edinburgh
Madam or
Mistress

Sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of peers

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral address
Duke's younger son
(Courtesy) Marquess's younger son
The Lord John SmithMy Lord or
Dear Lord John (Smith)
My Lord or
Lord John
Duke's younger son's wife
(Courtesy) Marquess's younger son's wife
The Lady John SmithMadam or
Dear Lady John
My Lady or
Lady John
(Courtesy) Earl's younger son
(Courtesy) Viscount's son
(Courtesy) Baron's son
(Courtesy) Lord of Parliament's son
The Hon John SmithSir or
Dear Mr Smith
Sir or
Mr Smith
(Courtesy) Earl's younger son's wife
(Courtesy) Viscount's son's wife
(Courtesy) Baron's son's wife
(Courtesy) Lord of Parliament's son's wife
The Hon Mrs John SmithMadam or
Dear Mrs Smith
Madam or
Mrs Smith

Daughters, granddaughters and great-granddaughters of peers

(If a daughter of a peer or courtesy peer marries another peer or courtesy peer, she takes her husband's rank. If she marries anyone else, she keeps her rank and title, using her husband's surname instead of her maiden name.)

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral address
Duke's daughter
(Courtesy) Marquess's daughter
(Courtesy) Earl's daughter
(unmarried or married to a commoner)
The Lady Mary Smith (if unmarried),
The Lady Mary Brown (husband's surname, if married)
Madam or
Dear Lady Mary
My Lady or
Lady Mary
(Courtesy) Viscount's daughter
(Courtesy) Baron's daughter
(Courtesy) Lord of parliament's daughter
(unmarried)
The Hon Mary SmithMadam or
Dear Miss Smith
Madam or
Miss Smith
(Courtesy) Viscount's daughter
(Courtesy) Baron's daughter
(Courtesy) Lord of Parliament's daughter
(married to a commoner)
The Hon Mrs Brown (husband's surname)Madam or
Dear Mrs Brown
Madam or
Mrs Brown

Gentry and minor nobility[8]

Baronets

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral address
BaronetSir John Smith, Bt (or Bart)[Note 5]Sir or
Dear Sir John (Smith)
Sir or
Sir John
Baronetess in her own rightDame Mary Smith, BtssMadam or
Dear Dame Mary (Smith)
Madam or
Dame Mary
Baronet's wifeLady SmithMadam or
Dear Lady Smith
My Lady or
Lady Smith
Baronet's divorced wifeMary, Lady Smith
Baronet's widowMary, Lady Smith
Dowager Lady Smith, or
Lady Smith if the heir incumbent is unmarried

Scottish barons

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral address
Baron(The Much Hon) John Smith[Note 8] of Edinburgh[Note 9]
or (The Much Hon) John Smith,
Baron of Edinburgh or
(The Much Hon) The Baron of Edinburgh[9]
Sir or
Dear Edinburgh or
Dear Baron
Edinburgh or
Baron
Baroness or
Baron's wife
As baron, substituting "Madam" for first name and
substituting "Baroness" for "Baron", or
Lady Edinburgh[10]
Madam or
Dear Baroness or
Dear Lady Edinburgh
Madam or
Baroness or
Lady Edinburgh

Knights

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral address
Knight (of any order)Sir John Smith[Note 5]Sir or
Dear Sir John (Smith)
Sir or
Sir John
Lady (of the Order of the Garter or the Thistle)Lady Mary SmithMadam or
Dear Lady Mary (Smith)
My Lady or
Lady Mary
Dame (of an order other than the Garter or the Thistle)Dame Mary SmithMadam or
Dear Dame Mary (Smith)
Madam or
Dame Mary
Knight's wifeLady SmithMadam or
Dear Lady Smith
My Lady or
Lady Smith

Seigneurs of Fiefs (Lords of Fiefs in the Channel Islands) (Feudal non-peerage styles of ancient Norman nobility)

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral address
Feudal Fief SeigneurThe Much Hon John Smith of Fief de Sausmarez
or The Much Hon John Smith,
Seigneur of Fief de Sausmarez or
The Much Hon Seigneur of Fief de Sausmarez [9]
Sir or
Dear Sausmarez or
Dear Sieur
Sausmarez or
Seigneur or Abbreviated Sieur (Sgr.)
Female Feudal Dame of a Fief or
Feudal Seigneur's wife
As feudal Seigneur,
substituting "Madam"
for first name and
substituting "Dame" for "Seigneur", or
Dame Sausmarez
Madam or
Dear Dame or Dear Dame of Sausmarez
Madam or
Sausmarez or
Dame Sausmarez

Chiefs, chieftains and lairds

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral address
Chief, chieftain or laird

(Only lairds recognised in a
territorial designation by
the Lord Lyon)
John Smith of Smith or
John Smith of Edinburgh
or
John Smith of that Ilk or
The Smith of Smith or
The Smith of Edinburgh or
The Smith[Note 10]
(only the 2nd form of
address above applies
to lairds
)
Sir or
Dear Edinburgh (if placename in title) or
Dear Smith (otherwise)
Edinburgh (if placename in title) or
Smith (otherwise)
Female Chief, chieftain or laird or
Chief, chieftain or laird's wife
Chief, chieftain or laird's wife, substituting
"Madam" or "Mrs" for first
name or "The"
or Lady Edinburgh[11][12][13]
Madam or
as on envelope
Madam or
as on envelope
Chief (etc.)'s heir-apparentJohn Smith of Edinburgh, yr or
John Smith, yr of Edinburgh or
John Smith of Edinburgh
(last only if different first name to father)
Sir or
Dear Younger of Edinburgh or
Dear Mr Smith of Edinburgh
Sir or
Young Edinburgh or
The Younger of Edinburgh
Chief (etc.)'s heir-apparent's wifeMrs Smith of Edinburgh, yr or
Mrs Smith, yr of Edinburgh
Madam or
Dear Mrs Smith of Edinburgh the Younger
Madam or
Mrs Smith of Edinburgh
Chief (etc.)'s eldest daughter (if none senior)Miss Smith of Edinburgh or
Jane Smith, Maid of Edinburgh
Madam or
Dear Miss Smith of Edinburgh or
Dear Maid of Edinburgh
Madam or
Miss Smith of Edinburgh or
Maid of Edinburgh
Chief (etc.)'s younger daughterMiss Mary Smith of EdinburghMadam or
Dear Miss Smith of Edinburgh
Madam or
Miss Smith of Edinburgh

Clergy

Church of England


Similar styles are also applied to clergy of equivalent status in other religious organisations. The words clergy and cleric/clerk are derived from the proper term for bishops, priests and deacons still used in legal documents: Clerk in Holy Orders (e.g. "Vivienne Frances Faull, Clerk in Holy Orders").

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral address
ArchbishopThe Most Revd and Rt Hon The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury/YorkDear ArchbishopYour Grace or
Archbishop
Diocesan bishop in Privy CouncilThe Rt Revd and Rt Hon The Lord Bishop of LondonDear BishopMy Lord or
Bishop
Bishop, diocesan or suffraganThe Rt Revd The Lord Bishop of DurhamDear BishopMy Lord or
Bishop
DeanThe Very Revd The Dean of YorkDear Mr/Madam DeanDean or
Mr/Madam Dean
ArchdeaconThe Ven The Archdeacon of LondonDear ArchdeaconArchdeacon
PrebendaryThe Revd Prebendary SmithDear Prebendary SmithPrebend
CanonThe Revd Canon John SmithDear CanonCanon
PriestThe Revd John SmithDear Mr/Mrs/Ms SmithMr/Mrs/Ms Smith or
Vicar/Rector/Prebendary/Curate/Chaplain etc. as applicable
DeaconThe Revd Deacon John Smith or
The Revd John Smith

Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms Smith or
Dear Deacon Smith
Deacon Smith or Mr/Mrs/Ms Smith

The usage 'Lord' as applied to a bishop pre-dates the United Kingdom, and is a well-established convention. It is more usual to abbreviate Reverend (if at all) to Rev'd rather than Rev. Where a personal name is not used for a priest or deacon, the manner of address is Rev Mr etc., i.e. the Rev is used with the usual title. Without this title, the use of Rev with a surname should not be used in the United Kingdom for any ordained person, whether Anglican or not - it is a solecism. Catholic (and Anglo-Catholic) clergy favour Fr (Father) {or Mthr (Mother)}. For further details see Crockford's Guide to addressing the Clergy.

Clergy: 'introduce as Mr Pike or Father Pike according to his preference' (Debrett's Etiquette and Modern Manners 1981 pg230)

Church of Scotland

The Church of Scotland, as a Presbyterian Church, recognizes state-awarded titles only as courtesy. In court (Assembly, Presbytery and Session) one may only be addressed as Mr, Mrs, Miss, Dr, Prof, etc. depending on academic achievement. Thus ministers are correctly addressed as, for example Mr Smith or Mrs Smith unless they have a higher degree or academic appointment e.g. Dr Smith or Prof. Smith. It is 'infra dig' to use the title 'Rev' and even the use of 'the Rev Mr' requires sensitivity to official style.

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral address
Lord High Commissioner to the General AssemblyHis Grace The Lord High CommissionerYour GraceYour Grace or Sir/Ma'am
ClergyThe Rev John SmithDear Mr SmithMr Smith/Dr Smith etc.
Current Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of ScotlandThe Right Rev John SmithDear Mr SmithMr Smith/Dr Smith etc.
Former Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of ScotlandThe Very Rev John SmithDear Mr SmithMr Smith/Dr Smith etc.

Judiciary

United Kingdom

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral addressIn court
Male Justice of the Supreme Court holding a peerage The Right Honourable The Lord Smith Lord Smith Lord Smith My Lord[14]
Male Justice of the Supreme CourtThe Right Honourable Lord SmithLord SmithLord SmithMy Lord[14]
Female Justice of the Supreme Court holding a peerage The Right Honourable The Lady Smith Lady Smith Lady Smith My Lady[14]
Female Justice of the Supreme CourtThe Right Honourable Lady SmithLady SmithLady SmithMy Lady[14]

England and Wales

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral addressIn court
Lord Chief JusticeThe Rt Hon. the Lord Chief Justice of England and WalesLord Chief JusticeLord Chief JusticeMy Lord[15]
Male Lord Justice of AppealThe Rt Hon. Lord Justice (John) SmithLord JusticeLord JusticeMy Lord
Retired male Lord Justice of AppealThe Rt Hon. Sir John SmithJudge or Sir JohnSir JohnMy Lord
Female Lord Justice of AppealThe Rt Hon. Lady Justice (Mary) Smith, DBELady JusticeLady JusticeMy Lady
Retired female Lord Justice of AppealThe Rt Hon. Dame Mary Smith, DBEJudge or Dame MaryDame MaryMy Lady
Male High Court judgeThe Hon. Mr Justice (John) SmithJudgeJudgeMy Lord
Retired male High Court judgeSir John SmithJudge or Sir JohnSir JohnMy Lord
Female High Court judgeThe Hon. Mrs Justice (Mary) Smith, DBEJudgeJudgeMy Lady
Retired female High Court judgeDame Mary Smith, DBEJudge or Dame MaryDame MaryMy Lady
High Court MasterMaster (John) Smith (QC should be added if applicable)MasterMaster[Note 11]Master[Note 11]
Insolvency and Companies Court JudgeInsolvency and Companies Court Judge (John) Smith (QC, if applicable)JudgeJudgeJudge
Circuit judge[Note 12]His Honour Judge (John) Smith (QC, if applicable)JudgeJudgeYour Honour
Recorder Mr (or Mrs) Recorder Smith (QC, if applicable) Judge Judge Your Honour
District judgeDistrict Judge (John) Smith (QC, if applicable)JudgeSir or MadamSir or Madam
Justice of the Peace/MagistrateMr John Smith, JPMr SmithMr Smith or (if "Chair/Lead") Sir or Madam[16][17]Sir or Madam (if 'Chair/Lead') or Your Worship[18][19][20]

A judge's first name only forms part of their judicial style if, at the time of their appointment, there is a senior judge with the same or a similar surname. Thus, if there is a "Mr Justice Smith", subsequent judges will be "Mr Justice John Smith", "Mrs Justice Mary Smith", etc. High Court Judges and above who are Queen's Counsel do not use the post-nominal letters following appointment or after retirement.

A member of the Bar (but not a solicitor) addresses a circuit judge or higher, out of court, as "Judge".

Scotland

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral addressIn court
Lord President of the Court of Session/Lord Justice General of ScotlandThe Rt Hon. (the) Lord/Lady Smith Lord President of the Court of Session/Lord Justice General of ScotlandLord President/Lord Justice GeneralLord President/Lord Justice GeneralMy Lord/Lady
Lord Justice ClerkThe Rt Hon. (the) Lord/Lady Smith Lord Justice ClerkLord Justice ClerkLord Justice ClerkMy Lord/Lady
Senator of the College of Justice and the Chairman of the Scottish Land CourtThe Hon./Rt Hon. (the) Lord/Lady SmithLord/Lady SmithLord/Lady SmithMy Lord/Lady
Sheriff principalSheriff Principal Smith (QC should be added where applicable)Sheriff Principal SmithSheriff Principal SmithMy Lord/Lady
SheriffSheriff Smith (QC should be added where applicable)Sheriff SmithSheriff SmithMy Lord/Lady
Summary sheriffSheriff Smith (QC should be added where applicable)Sheriff SmithSheriff SmithMy Lord/Lady
Justice of the PeaceMr John/Mrs Mary SmithMr/Mrs SmithMr/Mrs SmithYour Honour[21]

Academics

The forms of address used for academics can, in most cases, be either formal or social.[22][23]

PositionOn envelopesSalutation in letterOral addressIn conversation
Chancellor (formal)The Chancellor of [university name]Dear ChancellorChancellor (if on a platform) or by name and titleThe Chancellor or by name
Chancellor (social)[Name],[Note 13] Chancellor of [university name]By nameBy name or ChancellorThe Chancellor or by name
Vice-Chancellor (formal)The Vice-Chancellor of [university name][Note 14]Dear Sir/Madam/Vice-ChancellorVice-Chancellor (if on a platform) or by nameThe Vice-Chancellor or by name
Vice-Chancellor (social)[Name],[Note 13] Vice-Chancellor of [university name]By name or Dear Vice-ChancellorVice-Chancellor (if on a platform) or by nameThe Vice-Chancellor or by name
Professor (formal)Professor Jane Smith[Note 15]Dear Sir/MadamProfessor SmithProfessor Smith
Professor (social)Professor Jane SmithDear Professor SmithProfessor SmithProfessor Smith
Doctor (formal)[Note 16]Dr Jane Smith or The Revd John Smith DD or Susan Brown MD or Tom Brown PhD, etc.[Note 17]Dear Sir/MadamDr SmithDr Smith
Doctor (social)[Note 16]Dr Jane SmithDear Dr SmithDr SmithDr Smith

See also

Notes

  1. "London" represents any peerage title.
  2. The forms given under "Salutation in Letter" are for use in social correspondence only. In formal letters, "Sir" or "Madam" would be used instead.
  3. The definite article "the" in the middle of two or more titles is sometimes capitalized, as in these tables. However this is controversial: traditional British guides use the lower-case "the". As a single example, Debrett's gives "Major-General the Lord……",[3] and Pears' Cyclopaedia in the section on Modes of Address gives several examples where the definite article interior to a list of honours is lower case.[4]
  4. "of" may be omitted in the form of Marquessates and Earldoms and included in the form of Scottish Viscountcies. It is never present in peerage Baronies and Lordships of Parliament and always present in Dukedoms and Scottish feudal Baronies.
  5. Some styles that could represent more than one class of person are clarified by the use of post-nominal letters. For instance: Knights and Baronets are distinguished by the use of "Bt" (or, archaically, "Bart") after the latter's names (and by the use of the appropriate post-nominal letters if the former are members of an Order of Chivalry). Knights bachelor have no post-nominal letters. Substantive peers below the rank of Marquess and courtesy peers who are Privy Counsellors (both of whose titles are preceded by "The Rt Hon") are distinguished by the use of "PC" after the former's names.
  6. Some sources do not recommend the use of the definite article before certain courtesy titles (particularly those who have prospects of promotion within the family's titles), but it is used by official Court publications such as the Court Circular.
  7. If the definite article is not used before courtesy peerages and The Hon Elizabeth Smith marries Sir William Brown, she becomes The Hon Lady Brown, but if she marries the higher-ranked Lord Brown, a courtesy Baron, she becomes only Lady Brown. If this Sir William Brown's father is created Earl of London and Baron Brown, as a result of this ennoblement his wife's style will actually change, from "The Hon Lady Brown" to "Lady Brown". It is important to note that while the style may appear diminished, the precedence taken increases from that of a wife of a knight to that of a wife of an earl's eldest son.
  8. "Smith" represents any surname.
  9. "Edinburgh" represents any Scottish place name.
  10. The exact form of a Scottish chief's style varies from family to family, and is generally based on tradition rather than formal rules.
  11. "Master" is used as the form of address whether the High Court Master is male or female.
  12. Some circuit judges – for example, the Recorder of Liverpool or circuit judges sitting in the Central Criminal Court – are addressed in court as "My Lord" or "My Lady".
  13. This is the full name and title as it would be according to the rules elsewhere on this page, e.g. The Viscount London, Sir John Smith, KBE, Professor Jane Doe, Dr Tom Brown.
  14. Check official title for the university concerned: The Reverend the Vice-Chancellor (Oxford) The Right Worshipful the Vice-Chancellor (Cambridge), The Vice-Chancellor and Warden (Durham), The President and Provost (UCL), etc.
  15. If a professor holds an ecclesiastical rank this, strictly speaking, supersedes the academic rank. However, the academic style may still be used within academia and the two can be combined, e.g. as The Reverend Professor Jane Smith. If a professor holds a peerage or a knighthood, this title can be combined, e.g. Professor Lord Smith, Professor Sir John Smith, Professor Dame Jane Smith.
  16. The forms off address for a doctor applies to "the recipient of a doctorate conferred by a university or other body, such as the Council for National Academic Awards", not just those working in academia. The exception is surgeons, who are never addressed as Doctor even if they hold a doctorate.
  17. Doctorates in divinity and medicine are always given as letters after the name, and this form may optionally be used for doctorates in other faculties. If "Dr" is used before the name, degrees are not given after it.

    References

    1. "Greeting a Member of The Royal Family". Royal.uk. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
    2. "Addressing the Royal Family". Debretts. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
    3. "Baron and Baroness". Debrett's. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
    4. Barker, L. Mary, ed. (1957–58). Pears Cyclopedia (66th ed.). Isleworth, Middlesex: A. & F. Pears Limited. pp. 649–650. Modes of Address to Persons of Rank
    5. Montegue-Smith, Patrick, ed. (1984). Debrett's Correct Form. London: Futura Publications. p. 27. ISBN 0-7088-1500-6.
    6. Montegue-Smith, Patrick, ed. (1984). Debrett's Correct Form. London: Futura Publications. p. 29. ISBN 0-7088-1500-6.
    7. Montegue-Smith, Patrick, ed. (1984). Debrett's Correct Form. London: Futura Publications. pp. 38–39. ISBN 0-7088-1500-6.
    8. Ruling of the Court of the Lord Lyon (26/2/1948, Vol. IV, page 26): 'With regard to the words 'untitled nobility' employed in certain recent birthbrieves in relation to the (Minor) Baronage of Scotland, Finds and Declares that the (Minor) Barons of Scotland are, and have been both in this nobiliary Court and in the Court of Session recognised as a ‘titled nobility’ and that the estait of the Baronage (i.e. Barones Minores) are of the ancient Feudal Nobility of Scotland’. This title is not, however, in and of itself a peerage title, and nobility, or the noblesse, in Scotland incorporates the concept of gentry in England.
    9. "Debrett's Forms of Address for Scottish feudal barons". Archived from the original on 2013-07-25.
    10. "The Convention of the Baronage of Scotland".
    11. Frank Adams (1952) The Clans, Septs and Regiments of the Scottish Highlands
    12. Titles and Forms of Address. Bloomsbury Publishing. 31 January 2007. ISBN 9781408148129. Retrieved 26 January 2016. The widow of a chief or laird continues to use the territorial style and the prefix Dowager may be used in the same circumstances ... In rural Scotland (laird's) wives are often styled Lady, though not legally except in the case of the wives of chiefs.
    13. Adam, Frank (1970). The Clans, Septs & Regiments of the Scottish Highlands. Genealogical Publishing Com, 1970 - Page 410. ISBN 9780806304489. Retrieved 26 January 2016. In personal letters...(The) old pre-fix of a laird or chief was "The Much Honoured"...where husband and wife are referred to, the correct styles are "Glenfalloch and the Lady Glenfalloch"
    14. "The Supreme Court". Archived from the original on 2012-06-23.
    15. "Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales". Archived from the original on 2013-01-06.
    16. "The criminal courts". © Copyright 2010-2020 Full Fact. 25 January 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2020. Professional magistrates are now called District Judge (Magistrates’ Court), or DJ for short (they used to be called Stipendiary Magistrates, which is a term you will still hear being used)......In court, a DJ (Magistrate) will be called ‘sir’ or ‘madam’ as the case may be. If there is a lay bench, then you normally pretend you are speaking to the ‘chair’ and address them as ‘sir’ or ‘madam’. Some people will address the whole panel as ‘your worships’, although this is becoming old-fashioned.
    17. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. "Bench Chairmen". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
    18. "The criminal courts". © Copyright 2010-2020 Full Fact. 25 January 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2020. Professional magistrates are now called District Judge (Magistrates’ Court), or DJ for short (they used to be called Stipendiary Magistrates, which is a term you will still hear being used)......In court, a DJ (Magistrate) will be called ‘sir’ or ‘madam’ as the case may be. If there is a lay bench, then you normally pretend you are speaking to the ‘chair’ and address them as ‘sir’ or ‘madam’. Some people will address the whole panel as ‘your worships’, although this is becoming old-fashioned.
    19. "Justice of the Peace". Archived from the original on 2013-11-01.
    20. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. "Bench Chairmen". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
    21. "Justices of the Peace".
    22. "Academics". A to Z. Debrett's. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
    23. "Academics". Forms of Address. Debrett's. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.