Francis W. Fitzpatrick

Francis Willford Fitzpatrick
Francis Willford Fitzpatrick
	An early 20th Century portrait
Born	April 9, 1863; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Died	July 10, 1931 (aged 68); Evanston, Illinois, USA
Occupation	Architect

Francis Willford Fitzpatrick (April 9, 1863 – July 10, 1931) was an architect in Duluth, Minnesota, Washington, DC, Omaha, Nebraska, and Evanston, Illinois. He often abbreviated his name as F. W. Fitzpatrick in publications and correspondence. Fitzpatrick was an early advocate of fireproof buildings, and he was a frequent columnist in architectural trade publications on a variety of topics.[1]

Early life

Fitzpatrick was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on April 9, 1863. His parents were John and Mary Fitzpatrick. He immigrated to the United States in 1883 and began working as a drafter in the office of Minneapolis architect Leroy Buffington, remaining until 1887. Then in 1888, Fitzpatrick worked at the offices of the brothers Fremont D. Orff and George W. Orff.[2] He formed the Minnesota Decorating Company and successfully contracted for the interior painting and decorating of the 107-room Dacotah Hotel in Grand Forks, North Dakota in 1889.[3]

He joined the American Institute of Architects in 1889.[4]

Traphagen and Fitzpatrick

After completing his work at the Dacotah Hotel, Fitzpatrick moved to Duluth, Minnesota and formed a partnership, Traphagen and Fitzpatrick, with Oliver G. Traphagen that lasted from 1890 to 1896. This was his most productive time as an architect.

List of Traphagen and Fitzpatrick designs

Phoenix Block, 1890
Fitger Brewery Boiler House, 1890
A W. Wieland Store, 1890
Hoppmann Building, 1890
Lester Park Hotel, 1890
Philadelphia Terrace (townhouses), 1890
Chester Terrace (townhouses), 1890
Clinton & Kate Markell House, 1890
Alonzo & Julia Whiteman House, 1890
Costello Block (second), 1891
Lyceum Theater, 1891
First Presbyterian Church, 1891
Incline Pavilion, 1891
Duluth Shoe Co./Duluth Dry Goods Co., 1891
Selleck Block, 1891
Charlotte Wells Store, 1891
Hardy Hall, 1891
James Norton Rental Houses (2), 1891
Alexander Miles Rental Houses (6), 1891
Henry & Lizzie Blume House, 1891
Torrey Building, 1892
Boyle Brothers Saloon & Restaurant, 1892
Duluth Street Railway Co. Barn, 1892
Duluth Driving Park, 1892
Myron & Mary Bunnell House, 1892
William & Josephine Magie House, 1892
Oliver & Amelia Traphagen House, 1892
Munger Terrace (townhouses), 1892
Townsend & Mayme Hoopes House, 1892
William & Amelia Sherwood House, 1892
Charles & Maude Towne House, 1892
Herald Building, 1893
Mesaba Block, 1893
Stone-Ordean Warehouse, 1893
St. Louis Hotel (second), 1893
Sagar Drug, 1893
Hamilton & Martha Peyton House, 1893
Charles & Louise Schiller House, 1893
George & Jessica Spencer House, 1893
Crane Ordway Building, 1894
Elmer & Lizzie Matter House, 1894
Board of Trade Building (second), 1895
Tuohy Mercantile, 1895
P.R. L. Hardenbergh & Co. Building, 1895
Fitger's Brewery Settling Room, 1896[2]

The partnership ended in 1896 when Traphagan relocated to Hawaii and Fitzpatrick moved to Washington, D.C.

Chicago Federal Building

In 1896 Fitzpatrick accepted a position as assistant to the Supervising Architect at the United States Treasury. Prior to the Tarsney Act of 1893, federal buildings were designed by architects at the treasury. Fitzpatrick entered government service at a time when federal architects were becoming advisors and supervisors on federal building contracts with design work more in the hands of private architects.[5] At the treasury, Fitzpatrick worked for Jeremiah O'Rourke and then for William Aiken. Fitzpatrick was assigned to the Chicago Federal Building project as an assistant to architect Henry Ives Cobb, and he moved to Chicago to become one of many supervisors of construction. Soon Fitzpatrick was the only supervisor of construction,[6] and his relationship with Cobb deteriorated for reasons of procurement and process related to construction.[7] Fitzpatrick resigned from the project in 1903 and returned to private practice two years before the building was completed.[8]

Private practice

Fitzpatrick became a consulting architect in 1903, and he specialized in fire prevention designs. He also worked with other architects to solve design problems. His favorite area of expertise may have been Architectural rendering, and he enjoyed submitting drawings for competition awards.[9]

By 1917, Fitzpatrick joined the Bankers Realty Investment Company in Omaha, Nebraska as head of the architectural department. The company designed and built residential and commercial structures capitalized by investors. While at Bankers, he designed the Hotel Yancey in Grand Island, Nebraska, the Blackstone Hotel in Omaha, and a hotel in Sioux City, Iowa. The job did not last long, and in 1919 Fitzpatrick moved to Evanston, Illinois and continued as a consulting architect.[2]

Invention of the skyscraper

An editorial in the June 22, 1907, issue of The American Architect and Building News reported that three architects had claimed credit for inventing the skyscraper:

Leroy Buffington for the 1884 Minneapolis Tribune Building
William Le Baron Jenney for the 1884 Home Insurance Building and
Bradford Lee Gilbert for the 1889 Tower Building

The editorial stated that in the opinion of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), Jenny had the better claim, although his design was similar to the framing of an 1856 shot tower in the great swamp of New York City.[10]

The July 13, 1907, issue of The American Architect and Building News contained a letter from F. W. Fitzpatrick refuting the conclusions of the AIA titled, "The Origination of the Steel Skeleton Idea." In his letter, Fitzpatrick claimed that he himself had designed steel skeletons in support of church towers prior to 1883, and he had sketched the steel column and horizontal beam design for Buffington's 12-story Tribune building when he was working for Buffington in 1883.[11]

Then in 1912, an article in The Washington Post credited Fitzpatrick with inventing the skyscraper.[12] Claims about Fitzpatrick's role in early skyscraper design were not actively contested, but the opinion of the AIA may have been more accurate.

Ideas, opinions, and quotations

Fitzpatrick was a frequent contributor to various trade publications and newspapers. In his research, historic preservationist Ed Zimmer counted over 200 articles and letters to the editor by Fitzpatrick on architecture and other topics.[13] Fitzpatrick's style was frequently grandiloquent and passionate, but his vision was often accurate.

On the United States Capitol Building,

Grand in the glaring sun, magnificent in a storm, weird and specter-like of a dark night, and a dream of loveliness by moonlight, it stands unsurpassed, from any point of view, by any building in the world.[14]

On progress,

Take Virgil or Horace, how frequently they touch upon the glorious ascension of humanity from savagery to civilization; but they likewise invariably comment upon the decadence of that higher civilization into a posterity more vicious than any of its ancestors.[15]

On government,

The State has always punctiliously enforced the laws that define the duties of the individual toward itself, but it has, at least in times gone by, rather reluctantly recognized its obligations toward the individual and has seldom added anything to its code that obligated it in that direction.[16]

A poem on China,

In China there is no liberty of speech, nor of the press, but there is a public opinion and clearly expressed, nevertheless.[17]

On Social Security (postal insurance),

How better may we correct that national tendency [poverty] than by encouraging the laboring class, from which all the others derive their strength and are so largely recruited, to save money and be provident against an evil time or old age?[18]

On the handwriting of President Cleveland,

You think a great man, a big man in every sense of the word, must needs write a great dashing hand? Not at all. Look at that writing. To the uninitiated it looks clerky. It is the writing of a thinker, an original thinker, a man who can and will do big things and who brooks no opposition while he is doing them.[19]

On corruption at City Hall,

It certainly is most distressing to have a good building code and an able building inspector in a city and to see those advantages completely nullified by a council that will allow certain favorites, privileges not countenanced by that code and that but spell danger to the entire city and to all the work that has been well done.[20]

On the use of concrete in construction,

And so it goes, little by little, what threatened to be but a craze, and a dangerous one at that, will be gotten down to its proper sphere of usefulness, and concrete will become, instead of a thing to be feared, a pliant and efficient detail of construction.[21]

On step-back construction in urban planning,

Arrange it so that buildings can be carried up a certain height, six or seven stories, on narrow streets, eight or nine on wider streets, on the street line, then recess or step back so many feet and go up another prescribed number of stories on that line and then another recess and up again.[22]

On plate glass,

Plate glass is one of the great abominations of modern architecture.[23]

On the Lincoln Memorial,

My prayer to Congress, to the architectural and to the lay press has been that this present appropriation be diverted to such purpose rather than waste it as it most certainly will be if the present plans are carried out. For Washington is already over-cluttered with Greek temples, bronze men on circus horses, gravestones stuck around our parks and streets and other such "artistic junk" in alleged memory of our warriors and other heroes. We are surfeited with such art. In Heaven's name don't inflict any more upon us![24]

On the boring work of fellow architects,

No, I am not clamoring for an inartistic solution of our practical problems, but I do vociferously pray and beseech my fellows to throw away their fetishes, break up their golden calf and false gods, the Axis, the Great Temple, the Antique, the abject worship of All that Has Been.[25]

On the invention of the skyscraper,

Nevertheless and notwithstanding, I feel a very deep interest in the question. You see, they accuse me of inventing the skyscraper. I do know that I was one of the three men who first sprung it upon an unsuspecting public and have built dozens of it, improved it, fought for it and have been closely knit with it for forty years, and so I am just silly enough, kind of Professor Tiernan-like, to defend the child-since grown into rather robust maturity-whether I be its sole or joint paternal relative.[26]

Death

While crossing the street in Evanston, Fitzpatrick was fatally struck by a car on July 10, 1931. An obituary at the time described his life,[1]

Handsome, tall, graceful, eager, affectionate, generous, an extraordinary athlete, horseman and fencer. Mr. Fitzpatrick was all of these and like Leonardo de Vinci, he was an inventor and an architect.

References

"The passing of F. W. Fitzpatrick", The Architect and Engineer, September 1931
"Traphagen and Fitzpatrick papers, 1892-1893". Archivegrid. University of Minnesota. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
Godon, Vincent; Godon, Nancy; Kramlich, Kelly (January 5, 2011). Reshaping the Tornado Belt. Grand Forks, North Dakota: iUniverse.com. p. 3. ISBN 978-1450244282.
"Francis Willford Fitzpatrick (1863-1931)". The AIA Historical Directory of American Architects. The American Institute of Architects. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
"Reading 1: The Federal Building Program". Teaching with Historic Places lesson plans: Determining the Facts. National Park Service. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
In the Treasury's appropriation for public works in 1901, he was listed as foreman at the site"Estimates of Appropriations page 432 (fiscal year ending June 30, 1903)". Public Works. United States Treasury. 1901. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
Cobb insisted on the use of large granite blocks and other materials from the eastern states, and he preferred to employ non-union workers when possible. The slow process in cutting and moving granite, the refusal to purchase local materials, and the challenges with labor relations angered many people in Chicago and Washington. Cobb also bid on other unrelated projects, many in New York, and he was often absent. These points are made in Wolner.
Wolner, Edward (June 2011). Henry Ives Cobb's Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 260, 303, 305, 308. ISBN 9780226905617.
Purcell, William Gray, "William Gray Purcell Papers", Northwest Architectural Archives: University of Minnesota, pp. N 3 Missing or empty |title= (help)
"A Few Years Ago". The American Architect and Building News. New York: American Architect. 91 (1643): 237. June 22, 1907. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
"A Few Years Ago". The American Architect and Building News. New York: American Architect. 91 (1646): 237. July 13, 1907. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
"Cure for Fire Peril". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. August 19, 1912. p. 7.
Francis W. Fitzpatrick (September 18, 2013). Francis W. Fitzpatrick: Artist, Architect, Author, Advocate and Athlete (YouTube). Lincoln, Nebraska: Preserve Lincoln.
"The Centennial of the Nation's Capital", Cosmopolitan Vol. 30, February 1900, pp. 115
"The Law of Progress",The Globe Vol. 12, 1902, pp. 303
"Why Not Postal Insurance", The Globe Vol. 12, 1902, pp. 66
"China Seen through Chinese Eyes", The Globe Vol. 12, 1902, pp. 158
Note: Fitzpatrick expressed his opinion 33 years before the Social Security Act of 1935 "Why Not Postal Insurance", The Globe Vol. 12, 1902, pp. 66
"Speaking Signs", The Globe Vol. 12, 1902, pp. 340
"About Building Departments, the Rebuilding of San Francisco and the Government Report", Fireproof Magazine, October 1907, pp. 141
"Another View of the Skyscraper Question" Fireproof Magazine, November 1907, pp. 198
Note: this idea was written five years before construction of the Adams Express Building and nine years before New York City's 1916 Zoning Resolution. "Another View of the Skyscraper Question", Fireproof Magazine, November 1907, pp. 195
"Another View of the Skyscraper Question", Fireproof Magazine, November 1907, pp. 198
note: Fitzpatrick favored assigning the appropriation funds to construction of a convention center in Lincoln's honor, but construction on the Lincoln Memorial began soon after publication of this article. "More about the Lincoln Memorial", The Western Architect, vol. 18 no. 4, April 1912, pp. 41
"The Thrall of Axis!", The Architect and Engineer of California vol. 36 no. 3, April 1914, pp. 91
"Regulating the Height of Buildings", Buildings and Building Management, vol. 22, no. 22, October 30, 1922, pp. 11

External links

"One sweet résumé" A list of Duluth buildings by Traphagen and Fitzpatrick with a drawing of the Lyceum Theater
Francis W. Fitzpatrick A presentation by Ed Zimmer for the Preservation Association of Lincoln, Nebraska

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[obit-1] "The passing of F. W. Fitzpatrick", The Architect and Engineer, September 1931

[Papers-2] "Traphagen and Fitzpatrick papers, 1892-1893". Archivegrid. University of Minnesota. Retrieved August 18, 2014.

[Reshaping-3] Godon, Vincent; Godon, Nancy; Kramlich, Kelly (January 5, 2011). Reshaping the Tornado Belt. Grand Forks, North Dakota: iUniverse.com. p. 3. ISBN 978-1450244282.

[4] "Francis Willford Fitzpatrick (1863-1931)". The AIA Historical Directory of American Architects. The American Institute of Architects. Retrieved August 19, 2014.

[5] "Reading 1: The Federal Building Program". Teaching with Historic Places lesson plans: Determining the Facts. National Park Service. Retrieved August 18, 2014.

[6] In the Treasury's appropriation for public works in 1901, he was listed as foreman at the site"Estimates of Appropriations page 432 (fiscal year ending June 30, 1903)". Public Works. United States Treasury. 1901. Retrieved August 20, 2014.

[7] Cobb insisted on the use of large granite blocks and other materials from the eastern states, and he preferred to employ non-union workers when possible. The slow process in cutting and moving granite, the refusal to purchase local materials, and the challenges with labor relations angered many people in Chicago and Washington. Cobb also bid on other unrelated projects, many in New York, and he was often absent. These points are made in Wolner.

[Wolner-8] Wolner, Edward (June 2011). Henry Ives Cobb's Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 260, 303, 305, 308. ISBN 9780226905617.

[9] Purcell, William Gray, "William Gray Purcell Papers", Northwest Architectural Archives: University of Minnesota, pp. N 3 Missing or empty |title= (help)

[10] "A Few Years Ago". The American Architect and Building News. New York: American Architect. 91 (1643): 237. June 22, 1907. Retrieved August 20, 2014.

[11] "A Few Years Ago". The American Architect and Building News. New York: American Architect. 91 (1646): 237. July 13, 1907. Retrieved August 20, 2014.

[12] "Cure for Fire Peril". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. August 19, 1912. p. 7.

[13] Francis W. Fitzpatrick (September 18, 2013). Francis W. Fitzpatrick: Artist, Architect, Author, Advocate and Athlete (YouTube). Lincoln, Nebraska: Preserve Lincoln.

[14] "The Centennial of the Nation's Capital", Cosmopolitan Vol. 30, February 1900, pp. 115

[15] "The Law of Progress",The Globe Vol. 12, 1902, pp. 303

[16] "Why Not Postal Insurance", The Globe Vol. 12, 1902, pp. 66

[17] "China Seen through Chinese Eyes", The Globe Vol. 12, 1902, pp. 158

[18] Note: Fitzpatrick expressed his opinion 33 years before the Social Security Act of 1935 "Why Not Postal Insurance", The Globe Vol. 12, 1902, pp. 66

[19] "Speaking Signs", The Globe Vol. 12, 1902, pp. 340

[20] "About Building Departments, the Rebuilding of San Francisco and the Government Report", Fireproof Magazine, October 1907, pp. 141

[21] "Another View of the Skyscraper Question" Fireproof Magazine, November 1907, pp. 198

[22] Note: this idea was written five years before construction of the Adams Express Building and nine years before New York City's 1916 Zoning Resolution. "Another View of the Skyscraper Question", Fireproof Magazine, November 1907, pp. 195

[23] "Another View of the Skyscraper Question", Fireproof Magazine, November 1907, pp. 198

[24] te: Fitzpatrick favored assigning the appropriation funds to construction of a convention center in Lincoln's honor, but construction on the Lincoln Memorial began soon after publication of this article. "More about the Lincoln Memorial", The Western Architect, vol. 18 no. 4, April 1912, pp. 41

[25] "The Thrall of Axis!", The Architect and Engineer of California vol. 36 no. 3, April 1914, pp. 91

[26] "Regulating the Height of Buildings", Buildings and Building Management, vol. 22, no. 22, October 30, 1922, pp. 11