Gambusia

Gambusia is a large genus of viviparous fish in the family Poeciliidae (order Cyprinodontiformes). Gambusia contains over 40 species, most of which are principally found in freshwater habitats, though some species may also be found in brackish or saltwater habitats. The type species is the Cuban gambusia, G. punctata. The greatest species richness is in Mexico, Texas, and the Greater Antilles, but species are also found elsewhere in the eastern and southern United States, the Bahamas, Central America, and Colombia. Gambusia species are often called topminnows, or simply gambusias; they are also known as mosquitofish, which, however, refers more specifically to two species, G. affinis and G. holbrooki, which are often introduced into ponds to eat mosquito larvae.[3][4] As a consequence, they have been introduced widely outside their native range, and frequently become invasive, threatening local species.[5] They are only occasionally kept in aquariums, due to their relative lack of color and the highly aggressive nature of the aforementioned mosquitofish species.

Gambusia
Gambusia sexradiata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cyprinodontiformes
Family: Poeciliidae
Tribe: Gambusiini
Genus: Gambusia
Poey, 1854
Type species
Gambusia punctata
Poey, 1854[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Arthrophallus C.L. Hubbs, 1926
  • Dicerophallus J. Álvarez, 1952
  • Flexipenis C.L. Hubbs, 1963
  • Heterophallina C.L. Hubbs, 1926
  • Heterophallus C.T. Regan, 1914[lower-alpha 1]
  • Orthophallus L.R. Rivas, 1963
  • Paragambusia Meek, 1904
  • Schizophallus C.L. Hubbs, 1926
  • Toluichthys Dahl, 1964

Nine species are listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List; one, the widemouth gambusia, G. eurystoma, is critically endangered; and two, the Amistad gambusia, G. amistadensis, and the San Marcos gambusia, G. georgei, are already extinct.

Species

The 45 currently recognized species in this genus are:[6][7]

  • Gambusia affinis (S. F. Baird & Girard, 1853) (mosquitofish, western mosquitofish)
  • Gambusia alvarezi C. Hubbs & V. G. Springer, 1957 (yellowfin gambusia)
  • †Gambusia amistadensis Peden, 1973 (Amistad gambusia)
  • Gambusia atrora D. E. Rosen & R. M. Bailey, 1963 (blackfin gambusia)
  • Gambusia aurata R. R. Miller & W. L. Minckley, 1970 (golden gambusia)
  • Gambusia baracoana Rivas, 1944
  • Gambusia beebei G. S. Myers, 1935 (Miragoane gambusia)
  • Gambusia bucheri Rivas, 1944
  • Gambusia clarkhubbsi G. P. Garrett & R. J. Edwards, 2003 (San Felipe gambusia)
  • Gambusia dominicensis Regan, 1913 (Dominican gambusia)
  • Gambusia echeagarayi (Álvarez, 1952) (Maya gambusia)
  • Gambusia eurystoma R. R. Miller, 1975 (widemouth gambusia)
  • Gambusia gaigei C. L. Hubbs, 1929 (Big Bend gambusia)
  • Gambusia geiseri C. Hubbs & C. L. Hubbs, 1957 (largespring gambusia)
  • †Gambusia georgei C. Hubbs & Peden, 1969 (San Marcos gambusia)
  • Gambusia heterochir C. Hubbs, 1957 (Clear Creek gambusia)
  • Gambusia hispaniolae W. L. Fink, 1971 (Hispaniolan gambusia)
  • Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859 (eastern mosquitofish)
  • Gambusia hurtadoi C. Hubbs & V. G. Springer, 1957 (crescent gambusia)
  • Gambusia krumholzi W. L. Minckley, 1963 (spotfin gambusia)
  • Gambusia lemaitrei Fowler, 1950
  • Gambusia longispinis W. L. Minckley, 1962 (Cuatrocienegas gambusia)
  • Gambusia luma D. E. Rosen & R. M. Bailey, 1963 (sleek mosquitofish)
  • Gambusia manni C. L. Hubbs, 1927
  • Gambusia marshi W. L. Minckley & Craddock, 1962 (robust gambusia)
  • Gambusia melapleura (P. H. Gosse, 1851) (striped gambusia)
  • Gambusia monticola Rivas, 1971
  • Gambusia myersi C. G. E. Ah, 1925
  • Gambusia nicaraguensis Günther, 1866 (Nicaraguan mosquitofish)
  • Gambusia nobilis (S. F. Baird & Girard, 1853) (Pecos gambusia)
  • Gambusia panuco C. L. Hubbs, 1926 (Panuco gambusia)
  • Gambusia pseudopunctata Rivas, 1969 (Tiburon Peninsula gambusia)
  • Gambusia punctata Poey, 1854 (Cuban gambusia)
  • Gambusia puncticulata Poey, 1854 (Caribbean gambusia)
  • Gambusia quadruncus Langerhans, Gifford, Domínguez-Domínguez, García-Bedoya & T. J. DeWitt, 2012[7]
  • Gambusia regani C. L. Hubbs, 1926 (Forlon gambusia)
  • Gambusia rhizophorae Rivas, 1969 (mangrove gambusia)
  • Gambusia senilis Girard, 1859 (blotched gambusia)
  • Gambusia sexradiata C. L. Hubbs, 1936 (teardrop mosquitofish)
  • Gambusia speciosa Girard, 1859 (Tex-Mex gambusia)
  • Gambusia vittata C. L. Hubbs, 1926 (Gulf gambusia)
  • Gambusia wrayi Regan, 1913 (Wray's gambusia)
  • Gambusia xanthosoma D. W. Greenfield, 1983 (Cayman gambusia)
  • Gambusia yucatana Regan, 1914 (Yucatán gambusia)
  • Gambusia zarskei M. K. Meyer, Schories & Schartl, 2010

Notes
  1. Heterophallus is a valid genus

References
  1. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Gambusia". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  2. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Poeciliidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  3. "Gambusia: A Little Fish That Helps Solve Big Mosquito Problems". Alabama Vector Management Society. 24 December 2009. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  4. Allen, Greg (10 June 2011). "Tropical Disease Buzzes Back Into U.S." Morning Edition. NPR. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  5. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (2013). Gambusia affinis (Mosquito fish) Archived 2018-04-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 February 2013
  6. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). Species of Gambusia in FishBase. August 2012 version.
  7. Langerhans, R. B., Gifford, M. E., Domínguez-Domínguez, O., García-Bedoya, D. & DeWitt, T.J. (2012). "Gambusia quadruncus (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae): a new species of mosquitofish from east-central México". Journal of Fish Biology. 81 (5): 1514–1539. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03397.x. PMID 23020559.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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