Gay bishops

This article largely discusses presence of openly gay, lesbian or bisexual bishops in churches governed under episcopal polities. The existence of homosexual bishops in the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran and other traditions is a matter of historical record, though never, until recently, considered licit by any of the main Christian denominations.[1] Homosexual activity was engaged in secretly. When it was made public, official response ranged from suspension of sacramental duties to laicization.[2]

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The higher prominence given today to the presence of homosexual clergy, including bishops, in the life of the church reflects broader issues, both socially and ecclesiologically (see List of Christian denominational positions on homosexuality), concerning issues of social tolerance and the relationship between social change and doctrinal development. The issue has attracted greater attention in recent years following the development of the gay rights movement, and the increasing discussion within some Christian churches over the legitimacy of gay clergy in senior positions.

This has precipitated crises in various Christian denominations, resulting from divergent construals of Christian ethical doctrines (see Homosexuality and Christianity), which in turn are associated with the interpretation of the Bible (exegesis and hermeneutics). Traditionally, Christian doctrine has categorized homosexual activity as sinful. It was not until the late twentieth century, with the growing tolerance and understanding in Europe and North America towards sexual orientation and gays and lesbians, that bishops and other clergy have begun coming out. However, the controversial nature of the issue in many churches has meant that such revelations normally emerge as a result of public scandal.

A 2006 survey of weekly churchgoers in the United States, for example, found that there remained significant opposition in some US congregations to the idea of gay pastors and bishops serving openly. This is most marked among evangelicals, who are 80 per cent opposed; to around opposition among half of Catholic congregations. Even amongst those who rarely or never attend church a disapproval of 40 per cent was observed.[3]

Historical context
Further information: Ordination of LGBT Christian clergy

It was customary in the past for individuals – whether clergy or not – to remain secretive (in the closet) about their sexual orientation and activity. This was mainly because there was generally low tolerance for homosexuality across society, and those caught faced severe criminal sanctions (often including death). Nor is it straightforward to identify individuals before the 19th century as homosexual or "gay" in the modern sense of the world.

Nevertheless, as far back as the sixth century (CE) the Greek chronicler John Malalas wrote about Isaiah, Bishop of Rhodes and Alexander, Bishop of Diospolis in Thracia who had been punished by the Prefect of Thrace (Victor) for "homosexual practices". Isaiah was tortured severely and exiled, while Alexander had his genitals amputated and was subsequently paraded around the city on a litter. As a result the Emperor Justinian decreed that all caught for pederasty should have their genitals amputated. Many homosexual men were arrested in the wake of this, and died from their injuries. An atmosphere of fear followed.[4]

In the eleventh century, Ralph, Archbishop of Tours in France had his lover Jean installed as Bishop of Orléans in France. Neither Pope Urban II, nor his successor Paschal II took action to depose either man from the episcopacy.[5]

Baldric of Dol (c. 1050 – 1130), abbot of Bourgueil and subsequently Bishop of Dol-en-Bretagne in France, wrote passionate letters to a man simply called "Walter": "If you wish to take up lodging with me, I will divide my heart and breast with you. I will share with you anything of mine that can be divided; If you command it, I will share my very soul."

Several of the poems of Marbodius of Rennes (died 1123), Bishop of Rennes in France, speak of handsome boys and homosexual desires although stop short of consummating physical relationships (An Argument Against Copulation Between People of Only One Sex). Poems, such as the one where he sent an urgent demand that his beloved return if he wished the speaker to remain faithful to him, have been interpreted to indicate that more than poetic invention was involved.[6]

After the reformation in the Roman Catholic Church, public scandal touched upon the fondness of Cardinal Scipione Borghese (Archbishop of Bologna) for Cardinal Stefano Pignatelli (his likely lover). In the 16th century in Italy, Pope Julius III (Bishop of Rome) was rumoured to have a romantic relationship with a teenage boy named Innocenzo.[7] In the 18th century notable examples of emotional and perhaps romantic relationships among bishops include Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart and Giovanni Lercari (the Archbishop of Genoa).

William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1645)

In the Anglican Communion, John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury in England (1583–1604), formed a close relationship with Andrew Perne while at university in Cambridge. Perne went on to live with Whitgift in his old age. Puritan satirists would later mock Whitgift as "Perne's boy" who was willing to carry his cloak-bag – thus suggesting that the two had enjoyed a homosexual relationship.[8] William Laud (died 1645), also Archbishop of Canterbury, managed homosexual leanings discreetly, but confided his erotic dreams about the Duke of Buckingham and others to a private diary.[9] In the 19th century Cardinal John Henry Newman remained close to Ambrose St. John and was attacked by contemporaries for his "lack of masculinity". The two were buried in the same grave.

John Atherton (1598–1640) served from 1634 as Bishop of Waterford and Lismore in the Church of Ireland. In 1640 Atherton was accused of buggery with a man, John Childe, his steward and tithe proctor. They were tried under a law that Atherton himself had helped to institute. They were both condemned to death, and Atherton was executed in Stephen's Green, Dublin. Reportedly, he confessed to the crime immediately before his execution, although he had proclaimed his innocence before that.[10]

Modern day

US Episcopal Church
Gene Robinson, former Bishop of New Hampshire

It is in contemporary Anglicanism that the issue of homosexuality and its relationship to people in the episcopate has been confronted openly. Indeed, the first large mainstream church to ever consecrate an openly gay bishop who was not celibate has been the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, a member of the Anglican Communion, who consecrated Gene Robinson diocesan bishop of the Diocese of New Hampshire in 2003.[11]

Robinson was elected bishop coadjutor in 2003 and succeeded as diocesan bishop in March 2004. Before becoming bishop, he served as Canon to the Ordinary to the VIII Bishop of New Hampshire. His sexual orientation was privately acknowledged in the 1970s, when he studied in seminary, was ordained, married, and started a family. He went public with his sexual identity and divorced in 1986.[12] He entered a formal relationship with his second partner, Mark Andrew, in 1988. When delegates to the Episcopal convention were voting on the ratification of his election, it became an issue of controversy. His election was ratified 62 to 45. After his election, many theologically conservative Episcopalians in the United States abandoned the Episcopal Church, formed the Anglican Church in North America (ACNA) and aligned themselves with bishops outside the Episcopal Church in the United States, a process called the Anglican realignment.

There have been documented cases of other openly gay Anglican bishops, however. The first bishop to come out as gay was the US Episcopal bishop Otis Charles, who did so soon after his retirement in 1993. He subsequently divorced from his wife.[13] He had been a bishop in Utah from 1971 to 1993, and after coming out became vocal in his support for LGBT rights while remaining a member of the Episcopal House of Bishops. In 1999 he was arrested and escorted away in handcuffs after a protest at the Episcopal church national convention against the church's historical treatment of gay people. He went on to legally marry his partner, Felipe Sanchez-Paris in 2008.[14]

Mary Glasspool, who is openly gay and lives with her partner of 20 years, was elected as a suffragan bishop in the Episcopal Diocese of Los Angeles in December 2009 and was consecrated on 15 May 2010.[15] Her election has attracted worldwide attention, including an expression of concern from the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams.[16] In response to expressions of concern that her election would be viewed as a threat to the cohesion of the Anglican Communion, Glasspool said, "I've committed my life as a life of service to the people of Jesus Christ, and what hurts is the sense that anybody might have that my name or my servanthood could be perceived as divisive."[17] In 2015, Glasspool accepted the invitation to serve the Episcopal Diocese of New York,[18] where she has been serving as an assistant bishop since 2016.

Bishop Thomas Shaw of Massachusetts, a celibate monk who previously served as superior of the Society of St. John the Evangelist, discussed his experiences as a gay monk, priest, and bishop in the 2012 documentary Love Free or Die, about Robinson's election. A longtime supporter of the full inclusion of gays and lesbians in the church, he had avoided broaching the subject of his own sexuality because as a monk "he did not want to send the message that, as some conservatives argue, gay people should be celibate."[19] Bp Shaw died of cancer in 2014, one month after his successor was consecrated.

Bishop Thomas James Brown was consecrated the 10th bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Maine on 22 June 2019.[20] He is married to Thomas Mousin, who is also an ordained priest in the church.

Bishop Bonnie A. Perry was elected to be the 11th Episcopal Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan and ordained on 8 February 2020 at the Ford Community & Performing Arts Center in Dearborn, Mich. Perry will become the first woman bishop as well as the first lesbian bishop in the diocese since it was formed in 1836.[21] She is married to her partner, Susan Harlow, who is an ordained United Church of Christ pastor.

Bishop Deon K. Johnson was elected on 23 November 2019. His ordination will take place on Saturday, 25 April, at St. Stanislaus Polish Catholic Church in St. Louis.[22] He is married to Jhovanny Osorio-Vázquez Johnson.

Church of England

In 1993 Peter Ball resigned from his position as Bishop of Gloucester after admitting to an act of gross indecency with a 19-year-old man.[23]

In 1994 the gay rights campaign group OutRage!, led by Peter Tatchell, began to concentrate on religious homophobia. It was revealed in the press that the new Bishop of Durham, Michael Turnbull, had a conviction for a gay sex offence and OutRage! disrupted his ordination ceremony. There were other bishops known or suspected to be gay in private and OutRage! held a demonstration outside Church House in London naming ten bishops and urging them to "Tell the truth!" Although the ten bishops were not named in the British press, their names were published in an Australian gay newspaper, the Melbourne Star Observer, and has since been published on the internet. They included Timothy Bavin (Bishop of Portsmouth), Brother Michael (Fisher) (assistant bishop, Ely), John Klyberg (Bishop suffragan of Fulham), Michael Marshall (assistant bishop, London), Brian Masters (area Bishop of Edmonton), John Neill (assistant bishop, Bath & Wells), Jack Nicholls (Bishop suffragan of Lancaster), Mervyn Stockwood (assistant bishop, Bath & Wells) and Michael Turnbull (Bishop of Durham).[24][25] However, OutRage produced no evidence for any of its claims.

At the same time, Tatchell began a dialogue with the Bishop of London, David Hope, who had not been named as the group thought that he could be persuaded to come out voluntarily.[26] Press stories speculating about the personal sexuality of bishops led Hope to fear the worst and he called a press conference in February 1995 at which he denounced OutRage! for putting him under pressure. While admitting that his sexuality was "a grey area", he had "sought to lead a celibate life" and was "perfectly happy and content".[27]

Mervyn Stockwood, who was gay, was bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Southwark, but also celibate. He even gently rebuked a parish priest for initiating the blessing of same-sex unions in the late 1970s.

Appointed as the suffragan Bishop of Edmonton (London) in 1999, Peter Wheatley is gay and has been living with his partner saying that he is "a celibate Christian living by Christian teachings".[28] This does not appear to have generated any significant controversy. Bishop Wheatley is opposed to the ordination of women to the episcopate.[29]

In 2003, Jeffrey John, at the time Canon Chancellor and Theologian of Southwark Cathedral, was chosen to be the Bishop of Reading (a suffragan of the Bishop of Oxford).[11] John has been in a relationship with another male priest for many years, though he also says that their relationship is celibate.[30] As a result of the ensuing controversy, however, John withdrew his acceptance of the appointment. He was subsequently appointed Dean of St Albans. John again emerged in the debate over gay bishops in July 2010 following widespread media reports that he was the Crown Nomination Commission's preferred candidate for appointment by the Queen as Bishop of Southwark[31] though subsequent reports suggested that this was not the case or that his name had been rejected following leaking of the proposal.[32]

In 2013, it was announced that the Church of England's House of Bishops had approved plans to allow gay men to become appointed as bishops if they were celibate, including those such as Jeffrey John who are in civil partnerships.[33]

In 2016, Bishop Nicholas Chamberlain, the bishop of Grantham in the diocese of Lincoln, announced he was gay and in a same-sex partnership becoming the first bishop to do so in the Church of England.[34]

Anglican Church of Southern Africa

Bishop Merwyn Castle was consecrated Bishop of False Bay (a suffragan of the diocese of Cape Town) in 1994, but because most Anglicans outside South Africa were unaware of his homosexuality, and because he was celibate, no comparable controversy took place. The Anglican Church of Southern Africa has no official position on homosexuality.[35]

Scottish Episcopal Church

In 1995, Bishop Derek Rawcliffe, retired Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway in the Scottish Episcopal Church, disclosed his homosexuality.[36] Like Terry Brown (see below), Rawcliffe had also served as a bishop in Melanesia.

Church of Melanesia

Bishop Terry Brown, of Malaita in the Solomon Islands, attended the 1998 Lambeth Conference (which declared same-sex relationships "incompatible with Scripture") as an openly gay man (he also attended the 2008 Lambeth Conference).[37]

Anglican Church of Canada

Barry Hollowell, who resigned as Bishop of Calgary in the Anglican Church of Canada in 2005, came out publicly in 2008 after the death of his wife, who had been aware of his sexual orientation at the time of his election to the episcopate.[38] In 2016, the Diocese of Toronto elected as a suffragan bishop, an openly gay and partnered priest, Kevin Robertson.[39] He was consecrated on 7 January 2017 as Bishop of York-Scarborough.

Roman Catholic Church
Further information: Homosexuality and Roman Catholic priests

Bishop Thomas Gumbleton, a retired Catholic bishop in the Diocese of Detroit, has consistently been a supporter of New Ways Ministry and has also called for homosexual priests and bishops to "come out" and be truthful to themselves and others. Gumbleton has acted as a keynote speaker at Call to Action conferences. In 1995 he wore a mitre at a church service on which were symbols of the cross, a rainbow and a pink triangle in solidarity with the gay community.[40] Later, he came into the public eye before the Vatican's Instruction with regard to the ordination of homosexual men was released, arguing against Andrew R. Baker's article on the issue in America.[41]

Cardinal Francis Spellman

Francis Spellman, Cardinal Archbishop of New York, was long rumored to have been gay, according to a book by John Cooney, who said that many whom he interviewed took his homosexuality for granted.[42] In addition, a book published in 1998 claims that during the Second World War, Spellman was carrying on a relationship with a chorus boy in the Broadway revue One Touch of Venus.[43] Spellman defended Senator Joseph McCarthy's 1953 investigations of subversives and homosexuals in the federal government.

Archbishop Rembert Weakland of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, retired on 24 May 2002 following the revelation that he had used $450,000 in archdiocesan funds to settle a lawsuit accusing him of sexual harassment. In a statement one week later, he admitted the falsity of his previous assertion that income he had earned outside of his priestly occupation (and turned over to the Church) exceeded the $450,000.[44] In 2009 he confirmed that he was gay, but did not reveal any details of his relationships.[44][45][46][47]

The auxiliary Roman Catholic Bishop of Cape Town, South Africa, Reginald Cawcutt, resigned in July 2002 following allegations that he outed himself as gay on a sometimes-sexually charged website set up for gay priests. Bishop Reginald Cawcutt blamed the scandal on the conservative US organization Roman Catholic Faithful which infiltrated the now closed website, called St. Sebastian's Angels, and traced posting addresses.[48]

In 2003, Cardinal Hans Hermann Groër was removed from office by Pope John Paul II for alleged sexual misconduct with younger men who were students in his care. Officially, the Pope accepted the resignation letter which Groër had written on the occasion of his 75th birthday. This made Groër, who had adamantly refused to ever comment in public on the allegations, one of the highest-ranking Catholic clerics to become caught up in the sexual abuse scandals.[49]

In 2005, Juan Carlos Maccarone, the Bishop of Santiago del Estero in Argentina was forced to resign after images were released of him engaged in sexual activity with another man. Suggestion was made that the former state governor Carlos Juarez had been involved in the release after criticism of the governor's human rights record.[50]

Francisco Domingo Barbosa Da Silveira, the Bishop of Minas in Uruguay, was forced to resign in July 2009, following a gay sex scandal in which he had faced extortion.[51][52]

In February 2013, Cardinal Keith O'Brien, leader of the Catholic Church in Scotland, was forced to resign as archbishop three months ahead of planned retirement because of allegations of inappropriate acts with four priests during the 1980s, but also more recently. O'Brien had been a vocal critic of the UK Government's plans to introduce same-sex marriage.[53]

In October 2016, a group in favour of same-sex marriage in Mexico called the Pride National Front (FON) alleged that a number of Catholic leaders were homosexual. The list included Hipólito Reyes Larios, Archbishop of Xalapa in Veracruz.[54]

Lutheranism
Eva Brunne, world's first openly lesbian bishop

In 2008 the gay German priest Horst Gorski was nominated for election as a bishop in the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, Germany. He lost against Gerhard Ulrich. In 2015, however, Gorski became the first homosexual to serve as head of office for the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany (VELKD) and Vice-President of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD).[55]

In May 2009 the Diocese of Stockholm in the Church of Sweden elected Eva Brunne as its bishop. She won the vote by 413 votes to 365 and officially succeeded Bishop Caroline Krook in November 2009. Brunne is married to her partner, Gunilla Linden, who is a priest and with whom she has a son. Brunne is believed to be the world's first openly lesbian bishop.

Following her appointment, Brunne said: "I am happy and very proud to be part of a church that encourages people to make their own decisions." She added: "Diversity is a big wealth."[56]

In May 2013, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) elected its first openly gay bishop, Bishop Guy Erwin, to office as the bishop of the Southwest California Synod.[57]

In 2015 the Church of Sweden elected Mikael Mogren as bishop of Västerås, and thus got their first openly gay male bishop. He came out publicly as gay in one of his books published in 2013,[58] without much public attention to the fact neither then nor at the time of his election. In one of the interviews following the election that mentioned his orientation, Mogren explained that he is "not a single-issue party".[59]

Also in 2015, bishop Kevin Kanouse, a bishop in the ELCA, came out as gay.[60]

United Methodist Church
Main article: Homosexuality and Methodism

In 2016, the Western Jurisdiction of the United Methodist Church elected its first openly gay and partnered bishop.[61] Before being elected, Bishop Karen Oliveto had served as senior pastor of Glide Memorial Church in San Francisco.[62] Earlier in 2016, the New York Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church had ordained the denomination's first openly LGBTQ clergy.[63] At the United Methodist Church's General Conference, the delegates voted in favour of a motion to defer the issue of human sexuality to the Council of Bishops to reexamine the Book of Discipline.[64] On 7 May 2018 the Council of Bishops in the United Methodist Church proposed allowing individual pastors and regional church bodies to decide whether to ordain LGBT clergy and perform same-sex weddings, though this proposal can only be approved by the General Conference.[65]

See also

References

Footnotes
  1. Boswell, John (1981). Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century (Paperback ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0226067117.
  2. Boswell, John (1981). Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century (Paperback ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 214–15. ISBN 978-0226067117.
  3. Rasmussen Reports, 2006-06-30. Churchgoers Disapprove of Gay and Lesbian Pastors Archived 11 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
  4. The Chronicle of John Malalas, 18:18
  5. Boswell, 214–215
  6. John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, Chicago, 1980
  7. Tharoor, Ishaan (12 March 2013). "Notorious Cardinals: A Rogue's Gallery of Powerful Prelates" (THE VATICAN). Time Warner. Time Magazine. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  8. Patrick Collinson, Richard Bancroft and Elizabethan Anti-Puritanism, University of Cambridge, 2013
  9. Diarmaid MacCulloch (2004). Reformation. Penguin Books. p. 517. ISBN 0-140-28534-2.
  10. Bray, Alan (1982). Homosexuality in Renaissance England. London: Gay Men's Press
  11. The Guardian, "The Guardian profile: Gene Robinson", Stephen Bates, 31 October 2003. Retrieved on 1 September 2006.
  12. "Gay bishop Gene Robinson: '20 years ago, coming out was almost like committing suicide'". Pink News. 9 September 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  13. LGBT Religious Archives Network, Profiles Archived 6 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 12 September 2006.
  14. Gay Star News, 1 January 2014
  15. Episcopal Life Online item, 15 May 2010
  16. Media Release, 6 December 2009 Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  17. http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2009/12/09/us-lesbian-bishop-elect-hurt-by-claims-she-is-divisive/
  18. Episcopal Diocese of New York: "Bp Mary Glasspool to Come to NY as Assistant Bishop" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, 14 November 2015, accessed 23 February 2016.
  19. Wangsness, Lisa. "Episcopal bishop sought to end conflict, build bridges". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  20. Portland Press Herald Retrieved on 1 July 2019
  21. Spelbring, Meredith. "First female and openly lesbian bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan ordained". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  22. Gay, married Barbadian priest elected Bishop of Missouri, Barbados Today, retrieved 10 February 2020
  23. Brown, Andrew (9 March 1993). "Bishop quits after police caution for indecency - UK - News - The Independent". The Independent. London. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  24. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. Melbourne Star Observer, 6 January 1995
  26. Darnton, John (19 March 1995). "Gay Issue Roils Church of England". New York Times. p. 10. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  27. Herald Scotland, 1995: http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/promotion-to-york-for-the-grey-area-bishop-1.685694
  28. The Times, 23 June 2003, article by Ruth Gledhill
  29. Forward In Faith UK, Open Letter to the Archbishops, 30 June 2008 Archived 16 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  30. Butt, Riazat (19 June 2011). "Anglicanism - Church of England (News), World news, Religion (News), Christianity (News), Gay rights (News), Rowan Williams, UK news, Equality Act 2010, Law, Sexuality (Society)". The Guardian. London.
  31. Telegraph Item, Gay cleric in line to become bishop in Church of England, 3 July 2010
  32. Telegraph item, Gay cleric blocked from becoming Church of England bishop 7 July 2010
  33. "CofE drops opposition to gay bishops in civil partnerships". BBC News Online. 4 January 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  34. correspondent, Harriet Sherwood Religion (2 September 2016). "Bishop of Grantham first C of E bishop to declare he is in gay relationship". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  35. "Global trend: World's oldest Protestant churches now ordain gays and lesbians". Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  36. Helen Gibson, Time, 29 June 2003. A House Divided. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  37. Nicholas Knisely, Episcopal Café, 2007-09-07, Another Gay bishop Archived 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
  38. Hollowell, Barry (2012). "The Experience of Spirituality in the Lives of Anglican Gay Men" (PDF). University of Calgary. p. 7. Archived from the original (PhD dissertation) on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  39. "Diocese elects three new suffragan bishops". The Diocese of Toronto. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  40. New Ways Ministry. 1995 Building Bridges Award Recipient Archived 2008-02-04 at the Wayback Machine 1995
  41. America. Yes, Gay Men Should Be Ordained Archived 2007-04-03 at the Wayback Machine 30 September 2002
  42. John Cooney, The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman, New York, 1984,
  43. John Loughery,The Other Side of Silence: Men's Lives and Gay Identities, New York, 1998, p. 152
  44. Heinen, Tom; Zahn, Mary (1 June 2002). "Weakland begs for forgiveness". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
  45. WITI-TV, Milwaukee, 11 May 2009, relaying an Associated Press report
  46. National Review, 24 May 2002
  47. Dahir, Mubarak (23 July 2002). "The dangerous lives of gay priests". The Advocate. Archived from the original on 30 January 2005. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
  48. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  49. Obituary: Cardinal Hans Hermann Groer; Disgraced Archbishop of Vienna.(Obituaries) - The Independent (London, England) - HighBeam Research
  50. http://www.indymedia.ie/newswire.php?story_id=71660 - retrieved 6 August 2009
  51. On Top Magazine, 2 July 2009, "Uruguay Bishop Steps Down Amid Gay Sex Scandal".
  52. Catholic News Agency, 1 July 2009, "Pope accepts resignation of Uruguayan bishop accused of sexual misconduct".
  53. "BBC News - Cardinal Keith O'Brien 'accused of inappropriate acts'". Bbc.co.uk. 24 February 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  54. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=https://www.ekd.de/personen/gorski.html&prev=search
  56. http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-12673.html Archived 19 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine - retrieved 6 August 2009
  57. Raushenbush, Paul (31 May 2013). "First Openly Gay Lutheran Bishop Elected". Huffington Post.
  58. QX, "Mikael Mogren vald till biskop"
  59. Dala-Demokraten, "DD möter Dalarnas nye biskop"
  60. Editor, Antonia Blumberg Associate Religion; Post, The Huffington (27 July 2015). "Bishop Comes Out As Gay After 'A Lifetime Of Denying' The Truth". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2 November 2016.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  61. Gilbert, Kath L. (15 July 2016). "Western Jurisdiction elects openly gay United Methodist bishop". www.umc.org. United Methodist Church. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  62. "United Methodist Church Elects First Openly Gay Bishop, in Defiance of Church Rules". Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  63. Communications, United Methodist. "New York board welcomes gay clergy candidates - The United Methodist Church". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  64. "United Methodist Church Takes 'Historic Action' Toward LGBT Equality". Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  65. Advocate: Methodist Bishops Back Choice on LGBT Clergy, Same-Sex Marriage

Bibliography
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