Goddard College

	Goddard College Greatwood Campus
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	U.S. Historic district
	Goddard College Clockhouse
Area	15 acres (6.1 ha)
Built	1908
Architect	James T. Kelley; Arthur Asahel Shurcliff
Architectural style	Shingle Style, Tudor Revival
NRHP reference No.	96000253[14]
Added to NRHP	March 7, 1996

Former names	Green Mountain Central Institute & Goddard Seminary
Type	Private, low-residency
Established	1863
President	Dr. Bernard Bull[1]
Academic staff	64
Administrative staff	50
Students	364
Location	Plainfield, Vermont, United States
Campus	Rural 175 acres (71 ha)
Colors	Blue and white
Website	www.goddard.edu

Goddard College is a private low-residency college with three locations in the United States: Plainfield, Vermont; Port Townsend, Washington; and Seattle, Washington. The college offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs. With predecessor institutions dating to 1863, Goddard College was founded in 1938 as an experimental and non-traditional educational institution based on the idea of John Dewey that experience and education are intricately linked.[2]

Goddard College's Historic Greatwood Campus in Plainfield, Vermont

Goddard College uses an intensive low-residency model. First developed for Goddard's MFA in Creative Writing Program, Goddard College operated a mix of residential, low-residency, and distance-learning programs starting in 1963 before switching to a system of 100% low-residency programs with the closure of its Residential Undergraduate Program in 2002. In most programs, each student designs their own curriculum and the college uses a student self-directed, mentored system in which faculty issue narrative evaluations of students' progress as they fulfill their program's degree criteria. Goddard offers a Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA), Master of Arts (MA), Master of Fine Arts (MFA), along with several concentrations and Licensures. It enrolls approximately 364 students, 30% of whom are undergraduates. It employs 64 faculty and 50 staff.

The college is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

History

Goddard College began in 1863 in Barre, Vermont, as the Green Mountain Central Institute. In 1870, it was renamed Goddard Seminary in honor of Thomas A. Goddard (1811–1868) and his wife Mary (1816–1889).[3] Goddard was a prominent merchant in Boston, and was one of the school's earliest and most generous benefactors.[4] Founded by Universalists, Goddard Seminary was a four-year preparatory high school, primarily for Tufts College. For many years the Seminary prospered. But the opening of many good public high schools in the 20th century made many of the New England academies obsolete. To attempt to save it, the trustees added a Junior College to the Seminary in 1935, with a Seminary graduate, Royce S. "Tim" Pitkin, as President.[5]

Royce S. "Tim" Pitkin, President of Goddard College for 31 years.

Royce S. "Tim" Pitkin was a progressive educator and follower of John Dewey, William Heard Kilpatrick and other, similar proponents of educational democracy. In 1936, under his leadership, the Seminary concluded that in order for Goddard to survive, an entirely new institution would need to be created. A number of prominent educators and laymen agreed with him. Pitkin was supported by Stanley C. Wilson, ex-governor of Vermont and chairman of the Goddard Seminary Board of Trustees; Senators George Aiken and Ralph Flanders and Dorothy Canfield Fisher.[6] Pitkin was able to persuade the Board of Trustees to embrace a new style of education, one that substituted individual attention, democracy, and informality for the traditionally austere and autocratic educational model. On March 13, 1938, Goddard College was chartered. In July 1938 the newly formed Goddard College moved to Greatwood Farm in Plainfield, Vermont.

The new Goddard was an experimental and progressive college. For its first 21 years of operation, Goddard was unaccredited and small, but built a reputation as one of the most innovative colleges in the country.[7] Especially noteworthy were Goddard's use of discussion as the basic method in classroom teaching; its emphasis on the whole lives of students in determining personal curricula; its incorporation of practical work into the life of every student; and its development of the college as a self-governing learning community in which everyone had a voice.[8] In 1959 Goddard College became accredited. Inwas placed on probation by the New England Commission of Higher Education;[9][10][11] the probation was lifted in 2020.[12]

One of the founding principles of Goddard was that it should provide educational opportunities for adults.[13] There was a great need for a program for adults who had not completed college, to obtain degrees without disrupting their family lives or careers. The Adult Degree Program (ADP), created by Evalyn Bates, was established in 1963. It was the first low-residency adult education program in the country.[2]

Over the years many experimental programs were designed at Goddard. These programs included the Goddard Experimental Program for Further Education, Design Build Program, Goddard Cambridge Program for Social Change, Third World Studies Program, Institute for Social Ecology, Single Parent Program and many others.

Having narrative transcripts instead of traditional letter grades, as well as learner-designed curricula, Goddard was one of the founding members of the Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities, which also included Franconia, Nasson, Antioch, and others.

In 2002, after 54 years, the college terminated its residential undergraduate degree program and became an exclusively low-residency college. Three years later, the college expanded to the West Coast and established a residency site in Port Townsend, Washington. In July 2011 Goddard began to offer their education program (non-licensure only) in Seattle, Washington.

Campuses

Main campus, Greatwood: Plainfield, Vermont

The campus in Plainfield was founded in 1938 on the grounds of a late 19th-century model farm: The Greatwood Farm & Estate consists of shingle style buildings and gardens designed by Arthur Shurcliff. The Village of Learning, consisting of eleven dormitory buildings, was constructed adjacent to the ensemble of renovated farm buildings in 1963 to accommodate an increasing student population. The Pratt Center & Library, sited to be at the heart of a larger campus, was constructed in 1968. No other significant new construction has been added to the campus since that time. On March 7, 1996 the Greatwood campus was recognized for its historic and architectural significance with its inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places.[15]

Fort Worden State Park, Port Townsend, Washington campus

A US Army post from 1902 to 1953,[16] much of the fort has been renovated and turned into a year-round, multi-use facility dedicated to lifelong learning which houses several organizations that comprise Fort Worden State Park. The fort sits on a bluff overlooking the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Admiralty Inlet near Port Townsend, Washington.

Columbia City, Seattle campus

The MA in Education program, originally held in the Plainfield-based low-residency program, expanded into Columbia City, one of Seattle's most ethnically and racially diverse neighborhoods, in 2011.

The program is unique in that it trains students in bilingual preschool education. Students can focus on such areas as intercultural studies, dual language, early childhood, cultural arts, and community education, and then create their plan of studies for each semester. The program is also different in that it is designed to serve students who cannot leave their families and communities for the residency. The “community campus” is housed in different buildings in the area.

Academics

Each Goddard student designs their own curriculum in accordance with their program's degree criteria.

In addition to fulfilling academic criteria in the subjects of the arts, the humanities, mathematics, natural sciences and social sciences, undergraduate students must also demonstrate critical thinking and writing, understanding of social and ecological contexts, positive self-development and thoughtful action within their learning processes.

The college uses a student self-directed, mentored system in which faculty issue narrative evaluations of student's progress instead of grades. The intensive low-residency model requires that students come to campus every six months for approximately eight days when students engage in a variety of activities and lectures from early morning until late in the evening and create detailed study plans. During the semester, students study independently, sending in "packets" to their faculty mentors every few weeks. When low-residency education began at Goddard, packets were actual packets of paper sent via the mail, but with the advancement of the internet, most packets are sent electronically and may contain artwork, audio files, photography, video and web pages in addition to writing. The schedule and format of these packets differ from program to program, and content varies with each student-faculty correspondence, but almost always focuses on research, writing, and reflection related to each student's individualized study plan.

At regular intervals students compile their work into "learning portfolios" to submit as part of a Progress Review before a cross-program board of faculty who track that all students' work is in compliance with the college's degree criteria. Undergraduates must then complete a yearlong Senior Study, accompanied by final graduating presentations of work, before being award a degree.[17]

Facilities

The Eliot D. Pratt Center and Library

The Eliot D. Pratt Center and Library, located in Plainfield, Vermont serves the entire Goddard College community, and is open to the public. Its holdings contain over 70,000 physical items and access to over 20 electronic databases. The building also houses several administrative offices, an Archives room with artifacts from the 1800s to present, an Art Gallery, and WGDR (91.1 FM), a college/community radio station serving Central Vermont since 1973.

Goddard College Community Radio (WGDR and WGDH)

Goddard is home to Goddard College Community Radio, a community-based, non-commercial, listener-supported educational radio station with nearly 70 volunteer programmers who live and work in central and northern Vermont and who range in age from 12 to 78 years. WGDR, 91.1 FM, is licensed to Plainfield, Vermont. Its sister station, WGDH, 91.7 FM, is licensed to Hardwick, Vermont. Goddard College Community Radio is the largest non-commercial community radio station in Vermont and is the only non-commercial station in the state other than the statewide Vermont Public Radio network that receives funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.

Haybarn Theatre

The Haybarn Theatre was built in 1868 by the Martin Family and was one of the largest barns in Central Vermont. The Haybarn was originally used to store hay, grain and livestock. In 1938 when Goddard College purchased Greatwood Farm they began the process of turning the farm buildings into academic and student spaces. The Haybarn was renovated in order to provide a space for the performing arts.

For almost 75 years the Haybarn Theatre has been a place where the local community and the College come together to enjoy and appreciate the arts. This long tradition continues to this day as the Haybarn hosts educational conferences, student and community performances and the ongoing Goddard College Concert Series.

Notable events

Alternative Media Conference

In June 1970 Goddard hosted the Alternative Media Conference which attached more than 1,600 radio DJs and others involved in independent media from all over the United States.[18] Featured presenters included Yippie founder Jerry Rubin,[19] spiritual leader Ram Dass,[20] Larry Yurdin,[21] Danny Fields, Bob Fass and Paull Krassner from The Realist. A music roster of up-and-coming bands was curated by Atlantic Records and included Dr. John and the J. Geils Band.[20] The conference embodied both the political activism and the free-love atmosphere of the time: a coalition affiliated with the Panther 21, The Guardian, Newsreel, Radio Free People, Liberation News Service, Media Women and The New York Rat put together a packet highlighting the political side of alternative media.[22] A second Alternative Media Conference was held on campus in 2013 to commemorate the college's 150th anniversary.[23]

2014 undergraduate commencement

In 2014, the graduating class of the college's undergraduate program selected convicted murderer and Goddard alumnus Mumia Abu-Jamal as commencement speaker.[24] Abu-Jamal, who had attended Goddard as an undergraduate in the 1970s, completed his Goddard degree from prison via mail while serving his sentence for the 1982 murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner.[25] The decision to invite Abu-Jamal to speak was criticized by Faulkner's widow,[26] US Senator Pat Toomey, the Vermont Troopers Association, the Vermont Police Chiefs Association, the Fraternal Order of Police, and the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections.[24][27][28] The college's interim President, Bob Kenny, supported the right of students to select a commencement speaker of their choosing.[29] On October 5, the school released his pre-recorded commencement speech.[30][31]

Notable people

Trey Anastasio, musician, composer

Evalyn Bates, educator, Goddard College co-founder

Miriam Hopkins, actor

Jonathan Katz, comedian

William H. Macy, actor

David Mamet, writer

Jeff McCracken, actor

Walter Mosley, novelist

Archie Shepp, musician

Tommie Smith, athlete

Paul Zaloom, actor

Alumni

Alan Briskin – organizational consultant[32]
Ann Gillespie – actor (Beverly Hills, 90210)[33]
Anna Lee Walters — author[34]
Archie Shepp – saxophonist[35]
Blakeley White-McGuire – Principal dancer of Martha Graham Dance Company[36]
Bradford Graves – sculptor, musician, professor (fine arts, sculpture)[37]
Cara Hoffman – novelist[38]
Caroline Finkelstein – poet[39]
Charlie Bondhus – poet[40]
Chris Spirou — politician[41]
Christopher Dell - historian, author, literary critic, and employee at the Library of Congress[42]
Conrad Herwig – jazz trombonist[43]
Daniel Boyarin – professor of Jewish Studies[44]
David Gallaher – graphic novelist[45]
David Helvarg – journalist and environmental activist[46]
David Mamet – writer, director, Pulitzer prize winner in drama (Glengarry Glen Ross)[47]
Deborah Tall — poet[48]
Donald Kofi Tucker – politician[49]
Ed Allen – American short story writer[50]
Elaine Terranova – poet[51]
Ellen Bryant Voigt – MacArthur Genius, former State Poet of Vermont[52]
Ellen Ratner — White House correspondent[53]
Ellis Avery – novelist and poet[54]
Esther Wertheimer – sculptor[55]
Evalyn Bates – progressive educator, developed the first low-residency American adult degree program[56]
Frances Olsen – professor of law at UCLA[57]
Geraldine Clinton Little – poet
Helen Landgarten – art therapy pioneer[58]
Howard Ashman – actor, playwright (Little Shop of Horrors), lyricist (The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast)[59]
J. Ward Carver – Vermont Attorney General, 1925–1931
Jacqueline Berger — poet[60]
James Gahagan – abstract artist[61]
Jane O'Meara Sanders – former president of Burlington College, wife of Senator Bernie Sanders[62]
Jane Shore – poet[48]
Jared Carter – poet[63]
Jared Pappas-Kelley – curator, writer, and artist[64]
Jay Craven – Vermont film director, screenwriter, and professor
Jeff McCracken — film and television actor, director, writer, and producer[65]
Jennifer McMahon — novelist[66]
Jerri Allyn — performance artist[67]
John Kasiewicz – guitarist[68]
Jon Fishman – rock band member (Phish)[69]
Jonathan Katz – comedian, writer, actor, producer (Dr. Katz)[70]
Judith Arcana — writer[71]
Karen Essex — author, journalist, screenwriter[72]
Kenneth R. Timmerman – correspondent, author, activist[73]
Kiara Brinkman — author[74]
Kris Neely – artist and educator[75]
Larry Feign – cartoonist (The World of Lily Wong)[76]
Laura McCullough – poet and writer
Linda McCarriston – poet and professor
Linnea Johnson – poet
Lisa Brooks – historian of New England's Native American history[77]
Madeline Stone — songwriter[78]
Mark Doty – poet, National Book Award winner, 2008[47]
Martin Hyatt — author[79]
Mary Johnson – author and director of A Room of Her Own Foundation[80]
Mary Karr – author[47]
Matthew Quick – American author of young adult and fiction novels[81]
Mayme Agnew Clayton – librarian, and the founder of the Western States Black Research and Education Center[82]
Michael Lent – visual artist and curator[64]
Miriam Hopkins — film and television actor[83]
Monica Mayer – Mexican artist[84]
Mumia Abu Jamal – journalist, former Black Panther Party member, convict, author[47]
Neil Landau – (former faculty) screenwriter, playwright, television producer[47]
Norman Dubie – poet[85]
Oliver Foot – British actor, philanthropist, charity worker[86]
Page McConnell – rock band member (Phish)[87]
Pamela Stewart – poet[88]
Paul Zaloom – puppeteer, host of television show Beakman's World[89]
Peter Hannan – artist, writer, producer (CatDog)[90]
Philip Zuchman – American painter[91]
Piers Anthony – English American author[47]
Robert Louthan — poet[92]
Robert M. Fisher – abstract artist[93]
Ronnie Burrage — jazz percussionist[94]
Roo Borson —poet[95]
Russell Potter – Arctic historian, author[96]
Stephen C. Smith – economist, professor, author[97]
Sue Owen — poet
Susan Tichy — poet[98]
Susie Ibarra – contemporary composer and percussionist[99]
Suzi Wizowaty – author and politician[100]
Taina Asili — musician[101]
Tim Costello (1945–2009), labor and anti-globalization advocate and author[102]
Tobias Schneebaum – artist, anthropologist, AIDS activist[103]
Tom Griffin – playwright of The Boys Next Door
Tommie Smith – athlete, activist, educator, gold medal winner at the 1968 Summer Olympics who set seven individual world records[104][105]
Tony Curtis (Welsh poet) (born 1946) – Welsh poet and author
Trey Anastasio – guitarist, singer, songwriter, member of the band Phish[68]
Walter F. Scott – (Goddard Seminary) Vermont State Treasurer
Walter Klenhard — film director, writer and actor
Walter Mosley – author[47]
Wayne Karlin – author[106]
William H. Macy – actor[107]
William L. White – addiction studies[108]
William Wildman Campbell — United States House of Representatives[109]
Yadira Guevara-Prip — stage and television actor.

Faculty, staff and administration

Arisa White – current faculty advisor in the BFA Creative Writing Program
Caryn Mirriam-Goldberg – American writer and third Kansas Poet Laureate who founded Goddard's Transformative Language Arts program[110]
David Mamet – American playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and film director[107]
Donald Hall — poet and literary critic[48]
Ellen Bryant Voigt — helped found Goddard's first low-residency program before moving on to start a similar program at Warren Wilson College[48]
Ernie Stires — composer[68]
Frank Conroy — author[47]
Geoffrey Wolff — author[48]
Hameed Sharif “Herukhuti” Williams – African-American liberatory sociologist, cultural studies scholar, sex educator, playwright/poet and award-winning author[111]
Heather McHugh — poet[48]
James Gahagan — sculptor, chairman of Goddard's art department from 1971–79[61]
Jane O'Meara Sanders – served one year as interim president of Goddard[112]
John Irving — author[47]
John Froines – one of the Chicago Seven, taught chemistry in the early 1970s[113]
Lisel Mueller – poet[114]
Louise Gluck — Nobel Laureate, poet, winner of the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for Poetry[48]
Marilyn Salzman Webb — activist and journalist who founded Goddard's women's studies program[115]
Marvin Bell — first Poet Laureate of the State of Iowa[116]
Michael Ryan — poet[48]
Murray Bookchin (1921–2006) – American anarchist author, orator, and philosopher
Peter Schumann and his Bread and Puppet Theater were the theatre-in-residence at Goddard College from 1970–1974[89]
Raymond Carver — author[47][48]
Richard Ford — author[47]
Robert Hass — poet[48]
Stephen Dobyns — poet and novelist[48]
Thomas Yamamoto – art instructor[117]
Tobias Wolff — author[47][48]
Walter Butts – American poet and the Poet Laureate of New Hampshire.

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Hughes, Paul (January 15, 1987). "Cartoons Sell Best in Hong Kong". The Tustin News. Tustin, California. p. 2. Feign, who would later attend UC Berkeley for two years, graduate from Goddard College, and begin graduate work at the University of Hawaii, finished high school at Hillview Continuation School in 1972 at age 16.
"Faculty & Staff – Brooks, Lisa – Amherst College". www.amherst.edu.
Kawashima, Dale. "Madeline Stone Enjoys Hit Songwriting Success in Pop, Christian, Country and R&B Genres". Songwriter's Universe Magazine. Retrieved December 25, 2009.
"Martin Hyatt | KQED". KQED Public Media. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Mary Johnson |". aroomofherownfoundation.org. A Room of Her Own Foundation. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Matthew Quick". www.fantasticfiction.com. Fantastic Fiction. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Irwin, Shelby Z. Dr. Mayme A. Clayton: Librarian and Preservationist of Black Memorabilia. New Haven: Southern Connecticut State University. p. 2. ayton received her bachelor’s degree from UC Berkeley, her master’s degree from Goddard College and a doctoral degree from Sierra University.
"Sullivan, Mark X. mss". Lilly Library Manuscript Collections. Indiana University. Retrieved November 9, 2017. Hopkins was born in Savannah, GA and went to college at Goddard Seminary (now Goddard College) in Plainfield, VT
"Monica P. Mayer". The Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Norman Dubie". Poetry Foundation. November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Holland, Geoffrey (February 12, 2008). "Obituary: Oliver Foot". The Guardian. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
McConnell, Paige (December 19, 1987). "The Art of Improvisation - Page's Thesis - Phish.net". phish.net. Phish. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Pamela Stewart | Authors | Alice James Books". Alice James Books. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Kalish, Jon (August 24, 2013). "Bread And Puppet Marks 50 Years Of Paper Mache And Protest". Weekend Edition. National Public Radio. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
"TQ News". TriQuarterly News. 1. Fall 1988.
"The Activist Issue". Clockworks (Fall/Winter 2015). November 19, 2015.
"Ironwood". 5 (9). Ironwood Press. 1977: 118. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"Plainfield Co-op". www.plainfieldcoop.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017. Local Goddard College has always attracted educated liberal types with colorful flair, including members of the band Phish, David Mamet, Piers Anthony, and abstract artist Robert M. Fisher.
"The Ronnie Burrage Trio Featuring Archie Shepp". Onion River Community Access Media. February 19, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
Ireland, Ann (October 13, 2014). "Hand in Glove: The Poetic Collaborations of Kim Maltman & Roo Borson --- Ann Ireland | Numéro Cinq". Numéro Cinq. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
"Russell Potter". University of Rhode Island. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Smith, Steven C. (October 12, 2017). "Curriculum Vita" (PDF). George Washington University | The George Washington University. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Aart, Greta. "Cerise Press › Political Awareness, Social Consciousness and Memory in Susan Tichy's Poetry". Cerise Press. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Layne, Joslyn. "Susie Ibarra | Biography & History | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Mesrobian, Melissa Kiser (February 26, 1986). "Princeton Alumni Weekly". Princeton University. p. 50.
Kocher, Chris (September 17, 2014). "Asili and band dance to messages of 'Hope'". Pressconnects. USA Today. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
Greenhouse, Steve. "Tim Costello, Trucker-Author Who Fought Globalization, Dies at 64", The New York Times, December 26, 2009. Accessed December 28, 2009.
Fox, Margalit (September 25, 2005). "Tobias Schneebaum, Chronicler and Dining Partner of Cannibals, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Wertlieb, Mitch; Bodette, Melody (October 3, 2013). "Olympian Tommie Smith To Be Honored By Goddard". www.vpr.org. Retrieved March 14, 2019. Smith said he’s always been fighting for education and human rights and became part of the masters program at Goddard because he could use his teaching and writing experience towards his degree.
Davis, David (August 2008). "Olympic Athletes Who Took a Stand". Smithsonian. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
Leepson, Marc. "Pilgrim's Progress: Wayne Karlin and the Vietnam War". The VVA Veteran (July/August 2005). Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Metz, Nina (July 13, 2017). "These Chicago actors just got nominated for an Emmy". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
White, W. L. (2007). "Conversation with William L.White". Journal Interview. 86 (9): 1365–1376. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01796.x. PMID 17697275. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Benson, Ann Giles; Adams, Frank; Dixon, James P. (1999). To Know for Real: Royce S. Pitkin and Goddard College. Adamant Press. ISBN 9780912362205.
"Caryn Mirriam-Goldberg". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Maxwell, Carrie (November 8, 2017). "AFC conference focuses on bisexual health – Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive". Windy City Times. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
McCullum, April (July 21, 2017). "The unraveling of Jane Sanders' Burlington College legacy". Burlington Free Press. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Bruce-Briggs, B. (1979). The New Class?. Transaction Publishers. p. 63. ISBN 9781412829557.
"Immortality, by Lisel Mueller - Poem 173 | Poetry 180: A Poem a Day for American High Schools, Hosted by Billy Collins, U.S. Poet Laureate, 2001–2003 (Poetry and Literature, Library of Congress)". loc.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
"Marilyn Webb". She's Beautiful When She's Angry. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
"75th Anniversary Conference Bios". www.webdelsol.com. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
"Thomas Shuzo Yamamoto". Times Argus. January 5, 2005. Retrieved March 14, 2019.

External links

Official website

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[McMillian,_2014-21] McMillian, John (2014). Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America. Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780199376469.

[Roy,_2010-22] Roy, William G. (2010). Reds, Whites, and Blues: Social Movements, Folk Music, and Race in the United States. Princeton University Press. p. 228. ISBN 9781400835164.

[Eliis,_2013-23] Eliis, Kevin (April 18, 2013). "Thom Hartmann and Ellen Ratner to headline Goddard College Alternative Media Conference". vtdigger.org. Retrieved March 14, 2019.

[usatoday.com-24] Mike Donoghue, Burlington (Vt.) Free Press (October 2, 2014). "Goddard chooses convicted cop killer for grad speaker". USA TODAY. Retrieved May 6, 2015.

[25] Boyer, Dave. "Cop-killing ex-Black Panther to give college commencement address", The Washington Times, September 30, 2014. Accessed October 1, 2014.

[26] ABC News. "Critics Outraged Cop Killer Mumia Abu-Jamal Named College Speaker". ABC News. Retrieved May 6, 2015.

[27] "Goddard College sparks outrage with invitation to jailed cop killer Mumia Abu-Jamal". Washington Post. Retrieved May 6, 2015.

[28] "U.S. Sen. Pat Toomey joins throng criticizing Goddard's choice of Mumia Abu-Jamal as commencement speaker". PennLive.com. Retrieved May 6, 2015.

[29] Kolber, Samantha. "Mumia Abu-Jamal to Give Commencement Speech at Goddard College" Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, September 29, 2014. Accessed October 5, 2014.

[30] Chang, David. "College Releases Mumia Abu-Jamal's Commencement Speech, Philadelphia Police Protest", NBC10, October 5, 2014.

[31] Oct. 5, 2014 Goddard College Commencement Speech by Mumia Abu-Jamal. Vimeo. Retrieved May 6, 2015.

[Briskin,_1998-32] Briskin, Alan (1998). Stirring of Soul in the Workplace. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 289. ISBN 9781609943967.

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[Pen_Parentis,_2013-38] "Cara Hoffman | Pen Parentis Literary Salons | Parenting Done. Write". www.penparentis.org. October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2017.

[Lee,_2002-39] Lee, Don (Fall 2002). Livesey, Margot (ed.). "Julie Orringer and Caroline Finkelstein, Cohen Awards". Ploughshares (88).

[Bondhus,_2013-40] "Three Poems by Charlie Bondhus". Counter Punch. November 8, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2017.

[Brown,_2017-41] Brown, E. Philip (2017). Greeks of the Merrimack Valley. Arcadia Publishing. p. 80. ISBN 9781439661895.

[Bernstein,_2008-42] Bernstein, Adam (October 28, 2008). "Obituaries". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 26, 2017.

[MSU_College_of_Music,_2017-43] "Conrad Herwig, Jazz Artist in Residence | MSU College of Music". College of Music. Michigan State University. May 31, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.

[Wall,_2015-44] Wall, Alex (March 12, 2015). "Daniel Boyarin: Talmudist, feminist, anti-Zionist, only-in-Berkeley Orthodox Jew – J." J.ewish Weekly of Northern California. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Atias,_2015-45] Arias, Jeremy (May 12, 2015). "Former Frederick resident, comic book writer returns to Brainstorm Comics for signing". The Frederick News-Post. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Kirkus_Reviews,_2010-46] "Saved By The Sea by David Helvarg | Kirkus Reviews". May 11, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Carlson,_2011-47] Carlson, Scott (September 4, 2011). "Goddard College's Unconventional Path to Survival". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved October 26, 2017.

[Neal,_2016-48] Neal, Dale (June 30, 2016). "Over 4 decades, Warren Wilson program forges new literary voices". Citizen Times. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[NJ_Legislature,_2004-49] Manual of the Legislature of New Jersey (PDF). Manual of the Legislature of New Jersey. Newark, NJ: Skinder-Strauss Associates. 2004. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-57741-187-1. Retrieved October 27, 2017. Assemblyman Tucker is serving his fourth term in the Assembly. Mr. Tucker is an at-large city councilman in Newark, a position he has held since 1974. He was born in Newark on March 18, 1938, and is a graduate of the city’s Central High School. He received a degree in urban planning at Goddard College in Vermont and has taken post-graduate public administration courses at Rutgers University. Assemblyman Tucker is a veteran of the U.S. Air Force, having served from 1955 to 1959. The assemblyman is a founding member of the United Brothers, the Centre, Inc., the Newark Coalition for Low Income Housing, the Newark Tenants Council, and the city’s first comprehensive drug treatment program and first high school equivalency program. He is a former field secretary and vice chairman of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) of Essex County. He worked in the civil rights movement in Mississippi and Maryland during the 1960s. He is married to the former Cleopatra Gibson and has two adult children.

[University_of_Alaska_bio-50] "Ed Allen | | University of Alaska Anchorage". www.uaa.alaska.edu. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[AAP:_Terranova-51] "Elaine Terranova". poets.org. Academy of American Poets. October 25, 2000. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[WBUR,_2015-52] "MacArthur 'Genius' Ellen Bryant Voigt: 'Poetry Is An Intelligence'". Radio Boston. WBUR. October 12, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[53] "Ellen Ratner". Fox News. June 9, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.

[pw.org-54] "Goddard College in Vermont". Poets & Writers. Retrieved March 11, 2019.

[Remington_Registry,_2011-55] The Remington Registry of Outstanding Professionals: 2009–2010. Xlibris Corporation. 2011. p. 697. ISBN 9781462863730.

[Payne,_2009-56] Payne, Carla R. (2009). Information Technology and Constructivism in Higher Education: Progressive Learning Frameworks: Progressive Learning Frameworks. IGI Global. ISBN 9781605666556.

[AEL,_2013-57] Academy of European Law (2013). Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law / Recueil des cours de l' Académie de droit européen: 1991 The Protection of Human Rights in Europe Vol. II. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 203. ISBN 9789401710749.

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[Poletick,_2011-59] Poletick, Rachel (May 4, 2011). "Toon Times: Ashman left Disney his heart". www.northbynorthwestern.com. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Raab,_2011-60] Raab, Zara (May 13, 2011). "Interview with Poet Jacqueline Berger – Coal Hill Review". Coal Hill Review. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Hofmann,_PBS-61] Hofmann, Hans. "James Gahagan". www.pbs.org. PBS. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Dwilson,_2015-62] Dwilson, Stephanie Dube (August 25, 2015). "Jane O'Meara Sanders, Bernie's Wife: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.com. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Poter_Foundation:_Jared_Carter-63] "Jared Carter". Poetry Foundation. October 27, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Lent,_2015-64] Lent, Michael (2015). Orbit: Stephen King. StormFront Entertainment.

[NYWW-65] "Jeff McCracken | New York Writers Workshop and Resources Site demo". mklennon.com. Retrieved October 19, 2017.

[Hallenbeck,_2017-66] Hallenbeck, Bruce (July 26, 2017). "Summer reading, Vermont-style: New books by local authors". Burlington Free Press. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Heller_and_HEller,_2013-67] Heller, Jules; Heller, Nancy G. (2013). North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. London: Routledge. p. 1773. ISBN 9781135638894.

[Tuohy,_2004-68] Tuohy, Laurel (September 15, 2004). "Gasball draws diverse acts". NewsTimes. Danbury, CT. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Bernstein,_2013-69] Bernstein, Scott (May 6, 2013). "Jon Fishman Performs With We're Bionic In Burlington – Glide Magazine". Glide Magazine. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Murray,_2016-70] Murray, Noel (June 14, 2016). "Jonathan Katz". The A.V. Club. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[GCFD,_1999-71] "The Graduate College Faculty Directory" (PDF). 1999. Retrieved October 27, 2017. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[72] Ferguson, Carrie (April 16, 2000). "Reclaiming the Queen". The Tennessean p. 10-11.

[Ruane,_2000-73] Ruane, Michael E. (March 1, 2000). "REPUBLICAN PRIMARIES: U.S. Senate". Washington Post. Retrieved November 4, 2017.

[Brinkman,_327-74] Brinkman, Kiara (2008). Up High in the Trees: A Novel. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. p. 327. ISBN 9781555846121.

[Wolford:_Neely-75] "Kristofer M. Neely". webs.wofford.edu. Retrieved November 4, 2017.

[Tustin_News,_1987-76] Hughes, Paul (January 15, 1987). "Cartoons Sell Best in Hong Kong". The Tustin News. Tustin, California. p. 2. Feign, who would later attend UC Berkeley for two years, graduate from Goddard College, and begin graduate work at the University of Hawaii, finished high school at Hillview Continuation School in 1972 at age 16.

[77] "Faculty & Staff – Brooks, Lisa – Amherst College". www.amherst.edu.

[Songwriter-78] Kawashima, Dale. "Madeline Stone Enjoys Hit Songwriting Success in Pop, Christian, Country and R&B Genres". Songwriter's Universe Magazine. Retrieved December 25, 2009.

[KQED:_Martin_Hyatt-79] "Martin Hyatt | KQED". KQED Public Media. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

[ARoHO-80] "Mary Johnson |". aroomofherownfoundation.org. A Room of Her Own Foundation. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

[Fantastic_Fiction:_Quick-81] "Matthew Quick". www.fantasticfiction.com. Fantastic Fiction. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

[Irwin,_n.d.-82] Irwin, Shelby Z. Dr. Mayme A. Clayton: Librarian and Preservationist of Black Memorabilia. New Haven: Southern Connecticut State University. p. 2. ayton received her bachelor’s degree from UC Berkeley, her master’s degree from Goddard College and a doctoral degree from Sierra University.

[Lilly_Library:_Hopkins-83] "Sullivan, Mark X. mss". Lilly Library Manuscript Collections. Indiana University. Retrieved November 9, 2017. Hopkins was born in Savannah, GA and went to college at Goddard Seminary (now Goddard College) in Plainfield, VT

[Brooklyn_Museum:_Meyer-84] "Monica P. Mayer". The Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

[Poetry_Foundation:_Dubie-85] "Norman Dubie". Poetry Foundation. November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

[Holland,_2008-86] Holland, Geoffrey (February 12, 2008). "Obituary: Oliver Foot". The Guardian. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

[McConnell,_2987-87] McConnell, Paige (December 19, 1987). "The Art of Improvisation - Page's Thesis - Phish.net". phish.net. Phish. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

[Alice_James_Books-88] "Pamela Stewart | Authors | Alice James Books". Alice James Books. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

[Kalish,_2013-89] Kalish, Jon (August 24, 2013). "Bread And Puppet Marks 50 Years Of Paper Mache And Protest". Weekend Edition. National Public Radio. Retrieved October 26, 2017.

[TQ_News,_1988-90] "TQ News". TriQuarterly News. 1. Fall 1988.

[Clockworks_2015-91] "The Activist Issue". Clockworks (Fall/Winter 2015). November 19, 2015.

[Ironwood,_1977-92] "Ironwood". 5 (9). Ironwood Press. 1977: 118. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[Plainfield_Co-op-93] "Plainfield Co-op". www.plainfieldcoop.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017. Local Goddard College has always attracted educated liberal types with colorful flair, including members of the band Phish, David Mamet, Piers Anthony, and abstract artist Robert M. Fisher.

[ORCA,_2016-94] "The Ronnie Burrage Trio Featuring Archie Shepp". Onion River Community Access Media. February 19, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2017.

[Ireland,_2014-95] Ireland, Ann (October 13, 2014). "Hand in Glove: The Poetic Collaborations of Kim Maltman & Roo Borson --- Ann Ireland | Numéro Cinq". Numéro Cinq. Retrieved October 19, 2017.

[URI:_Potter-96] "Russell Potter". University of Rhode Island. Retrieved November 15, 2017.

[Smith,_2017-97] Smith, Steven C. (October 12, 2017). "Curriculum Vita" (PDF). George Washington University | The George Washington University. Retrieved November 15, 2017.

[Cerise_Press-98] Aart, Greta. "Cerise Press › Political Awareness, Social Consciousness and Memory in Susan Tichy's Poetry". Cerise Press. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Layne-99] Layne, Joslyn. "Susie Ibarra | Biography & History | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved November 15, 2017.

[Mesrobian,_1986-100] Mesrobian, Melissa Kiser (February 26, 1986). "Princeton Alumni Weekly". Princeton University. p. 50.

[Kocher,_2014-101] Kocher, Chris (September 17, 2014). "Asili and band dance to messages of 'Hope'". Pressconnects. USA Today. Retrieved June 21, 2018.

[102] Greenhouse, Steve. "Tim Costello, Trucker-Author Who Fought Globalization, Dies at 64", The New York Times, December 26, 2009. Accessed December 28, 2009.

[Fox,_2005-103] Fox, Margalit (September 25, 2005). "Tobias Schneebaum, Chronicler and Dining Partner of Cannibals, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2017.

[Wertlieb_and_Bodette,_2013-104] Wertlieb, Mitch; Bodette, Melody (October 3, 2013). "Olympian Tommie Smith To Be Honored By Goddard". www.vpr.org. Retrieved March 14, 2019. Smith said he’s always been fighting for education and human rights and became part of the masters program at Goddard because he could use his teaching and writing experience towards his degree.

[Davis,_2008-105] Davis, David (August 2008). "Olympic Athletes Who Took a Stand". Smithsonian. Retrieved March 14, 2019.

[Leepson,_2005-106] Leepson, Marc. "Pilgrim's Progress: Wayne Karlin and the Vietnam War". The VVA Veteran (July/August 2005). Retrieved October 26, 2017.

[Metz,_2017-107] Metz, Nina (July 13, 2017). "These Chicago actors just got nominated for an Emmy". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 26, 2017.

[Addiction,_2007-108] White, W. L. (2007). "Conversation with William L.White". Journal Interview. 86 (9): 1365–1376. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01796.x. PMID 17697275. Retrieved October 26, 2017.

[Benson,_Adams_and_Dixon,_1999-109] Benson, Ann Giles; Adams, Frank; Dixon, James P. (1999). To Know for Real: Royce S. Pitkin and Goddard College. Adamant Press. ISBN 9780912362205.

[Goldberg:_HuffPost_bio-110] "Caryn Mirriam-Goldberg". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Maxwell,_2017-111] Maxwell, Carrie (November 8, 2017). "AFC conference focuses on bisexual health – Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive". Windy City Times. Retrieved March 14, 2019.

[McCullum,_2017-112] McCullum, April (July 21, 2017). "The unraveling of Jane Sanders' Burlington College legacy". Burlington Free Press. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Bruce-Briggs,_1963-113] Bruce-Briggs, B. (1979). The New Class?. Transaction Publishers. p. 63. ISBN 9781412829557.

[LOC:_Lisel_Mueller-114] "Immortality, by Lisel Mueller - Poem 173 | Poetry 180: A Poem a Day for American High Schools, Hosted by Billy Collins, U.S. Poet Laureate, 2001–2003 (Poetry and Literature, Library of Congress)". loc.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved October 28, 2017.

[SBWSA:_Marilyn_Webb-115] "Marilyn Webb". She's Beautiful When She's Angry. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Web_Del_Sol-116] "75th Anniversary Conference Bios". www.webdelsol.com. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

[Yamamoto_obit,_2005-117] "Thomas Shuzo Yamamoto". Times Argus. January 5, 2005. Retrieved March 14, 2019.

Colleges and universities in Vermont
Public	University of Vermont Vermont State Colleges: Castleton University Community College of Vermont Northern Vermont University Vermont Technical College
Private	Bennington College Champlain College Goddard College Landmark College Middlebury College New England Culinary Institute Norwich University Saint Michael's College SIT Graduate Institute Sterling College Vermont College of Fine Arts Vermont Law School
Other	Association of Vermont Independent Colleges
Defunct	Burlington College Castleton Medical College College of St. Joseph Green Mountain College Johnson State College Lyndon State College Marlboro College Southern Vermont College Trinity College Windham College