Gross receipts tax

A gross receipts tax or gross excise tax is a tax on the total gross revenues of a company, regardless of their source. A gross receipts tax is similar to a sales tax, but it is levied on the seller of goods or service consumers. This is compared to other taxes listed as separate line items on billings, are not directly included in the listed price of the item, and are not a factor in markup or profit on company sales. A gross receipts tax has a pyramid effect that increases the actual taxable percentage as it passes through the product or service life-cycle.[1]

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Another pyramid effect of the tax comes from the fact that such a tax by definition is levied against itself (in the sense that a business subject to a gross receipts tax will raise its prices to compensate, which in turn increases its gross revenue, which increases the tax owed, and so on in circles) and therefore amounts to a tax on tax. Thus, the actual tax rate of a gross receipts tax is always slightly higher than the nominal tax rate. This is easiest to discern in jurisdictions like Hawaii where businesses are allowed to visibly pass on gross excise tax to their customers.[2]

Criticism

Economists have criticized gross receipts taxes for encouraging vertical integration among companies and imposing different effective tax rates across different industries.[3]

United States

Several states in the United States have imposed gross receipts taxes.

  • Alabama - Per Article 3 of the code of Alabama,[4] the state has imposed this type of tax on most utilities.
  • Delaware - Business and occupational gross receipts tax rates range from 0.096% to 1.92%, depending on the business activity.[5]
  • Florida - A tax of 2.5% is imposed on "gross receipts from the sale, delivery, or transportation of natural gas, manufactured gas, or electricity to a retail consumer in Florida," referring to utility companies (suppliers of electrical power).[6]
  • Hawaii - Hawaii imposes its General Excise Tax (GET) as a gross receipts tax on all business done in Hawaii, at 0.5% for wholesaling and manufacturing, 0.15% for insurance commissions, and 4% (4.5% in Honolulu county) for all other activities. Businesses may pass on the GET as a sales-tax-like surcharge but are not required to do so.[7]
  • Illinois - Illinois policy makers are considering a 1% gross receipts tax to increase the foundation level for Illinois public schools, as well as to fund a host of educational accountability initiatives. The tax is expected to generate enough revenue to replace the state share of the retail sales tax, corporate franchise taxes, and corporate income taxes. Proponents claim that it is simple for both the government and business to administer, easy for the public to understand, broad-based, stable, and progressive. An editorial article in the Chicago Tribune called it "the best idea" for education funding reform,[8] but some statewide business leaders have rushed to condemn it.
  • Nevada - Gross receipts tax adopted in 2015[9]
  • New Mexico - The gross receipts tax rate varies throughout the state from 5.125% to 8.6875% with local option taxes imposed at the city and county levels, added to the statewide base tax rate of 5%.[10]
  • Oregon - Corporate Activity Tax (CAT)
  • Ohio - Commercial Activity Tax (CAT)
  • Pennsylvania - Either 5% or 5.9% for most applicable industries. Tax stands at 1% for private bankers, and the tax on natural gas was repealed during the industry's deregulation.[11] The City of Philadelphia additionally imposes a Business Income and Receipts Tax, a portion of which is based on gross receipts.[12]
  • Washington - Business and Occupation Tax(B&O

In addition to these states, Texas has a "margin tax" on certain corporate net revenues.

See also

Notes
  1. "Gross Receipts Tax". AIA Kansas. 1995-11-17. Archived from the original on 2006-09-29. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
  2. State of Hawaii, Department of Taxation (March 2020). "Tax Facts 37-1: General Excise Tax" (PDF). Honolulu. p. 1, fn. 3. Retrieved 19 December 2020. As this source explains: "The maximum rate is greater than the tax rate because businesses are taxed on their gross receipts including GET that is charged to customers. This rate allows businesses to cover their entire GET expense."
  3. Chamberlain, Andrew; Fleenor, Patrick (2006-12-01). "Tax Pyramiding: The Economic Consequences of Gross Receipts Taxes". Tax Foundation. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
  4. "Alabama Code - Article 3: UTILITY GROSS RECEIPTS TAX". State of Alabama.
  5. "Gross Receipts Taxes". State of Delaware. 2006-06-14. Archived from the original on 2007-02-25. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
  6. . Florida Dept of Revenue http://dor.myflorida.com/dor/taxes/grt_utility.html. Retrieved 2013-12-14. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. "Tax Facts 37-1" (PDF). Hawaii Department of Taxation. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  8. "The war of the 'woulds'". Chicago Tribune. 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  9. "Nevada Approves Commerce Tax, A New Tax on Business Gross Receipts - Tax Foundation". Tax Foundation. 2015-06-08. Retrieved 2017-02-17.
  10. "Gross Receipts Taxes" (PDF). State of New Mexico. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-31. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
  11. "Revenue: Gross Receipts Tax". Pennsylvania Department of Revenue. 2005-02-15. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  12. City of Philadelphia. "Business Income and Receipts Tax (BIRT)". Retrieved 6 December 2018.
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